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FSHN 350 Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what experiment made nutrition into a science? | Single Grain Experiment (cows fed with wheat, corn, oats, or a combination) |
| DRI | (dietary reference intake) consists for 4 different reference in takes EAR; RDA; AI; UL |
| EAR | (estimated average requirement) the amount of a nutrient projected to meet the needs of 50% of americans |
| RDA | (recommended dietary allowance) amount of a nutrient sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals (values are high; possibly too high for many people) |
| AI | (adequate intake) the amount of a nutrient determined when RDA cannot be determined |
| UL | (upper tolerable limit) the highest average intake likely to pose no toxicity in the general population |
| four nutritional status indicators | (A, B, C, D) anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, dietary intake |
| anthropometric assessment | weight, BMI, waist circumference; can be inaccurate |
| biochemical assessment | blood, urine, fecal measures; invasive, fasting required (fewest limitations) |
| clinical assessment | observe fingernails, hair, etc.; must be overtly deficient |
| dietary intake assessment | diet recall, history, record; people can lie/alter their diet |
| diseases w/ modest nutritional component | linked to nutrition, but also linked to other things (osteoporosis) |
| diseases w/ strong nutritional component | diet is one of the largest influences (type II diabetes) |
| diseases w/ single nutritional abnormality | specific to a nutrient (iron deficiency anemia) |
| kilocalorie | energy raise 1000 grams of water 1 degree celsius |
| gross energy value of macronutrients | (heat of combustion); CHO= 4.15; Fat= 9.40; Protein= 5.65 |
| digestible energy of macronutrients | CHO= 4, fat= 9, protein= 5.2 |
| why is there a discrepancy b/w digestible and metabolizable energy for protein? | the body cannot oxidize nitrogen; needs energy to form urea to excrete it |
| metabolism (definition) | the sum of all chemical reactions through which the body breaks down and builds up molecules within the 10 trillion cells |
| anabolic reactions | building up; (forming glycogen) |
| catabolic reactions | energy yielding reactions that breaks down larger molecules |
| condensations reactions | aka dehydrations synthesis; anabolic |
| hydrolysis reactions | large molecule broken w/ water; catabolic |
| FAD and NAD are what? | coenzymes that transport electrons during metabolic reactions |
| substrate | the substance acted upon by an enzyme |
| cofactor | substances necessary for an enzyme to function |
| two types of enzymes | inducible, constitutive |
| inducible enzymes | only expressed under conditions in which it will be used |
| constitutive enzymes | produced all the time |
| four means of regulating enzymes | concentration, compartmentation, covalent modification, allosteric regulation |
| covalent enzyme regulation | attachment of another molecule (phosphate) to an enzyme |
| allosteric alteration of enzymes | inhibition/activation to turn active site on or off |
| peroxisomes | contain oxidases, participate in ethanol metabolism |
| substrate level phosphorylation | direct transfer of a phosphate to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate |
| oxidative phosphorylation | requires oxygen; occurs during electron transport chain |
| digestion versus absorption | digestion= breaking down into smaller molecules; absorption= putting those molecules into circulation |
| four processes that "happen" to the food we eat | digestion, absorption, transport, elimination |
| Alexis St. Martin | fur trader; shot in stomach; W. Beaumont put things into his stomach and revolutionized how digestion was understood |
| accessory organs | liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
| 3 functions of GI tract | chemical/mechanical breakdown, absorption, barrier to entry of bacteria |
| cephalic phase of digestion | 20% of gastric secretions; contractions (hunger pangs) |
| enteric nervous system | part of the parasympathetic NS; communicates thru the vagus nerve to control paristalsis w/out CNS involvement |
| chemoreceptors | detect changes in the chemical composition of the luminal comtent |
| mechanoreceptors | detect stretching or distension in the walls of the GI tract |
| three major enzymes in saliva | salivary amylase, salivary lipase, and lysosymes (inhibit bacterial growth in the mouth) |
| chewing aka | mastication |
| pH of the stomach | 1-2 |
| pH of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
| intrinsic factor | found in the stomach; necessary for B12 absorption |
| 3 enzymes found in gastric juice | pepsin, amylase, lipase |
| speed of gastric emptying | 1-5 mL chyme 2x per minute (completed 2-6 hours after a meal) |
| 2 functions of the colon | fluid/electrolyte/nutrient absorption; storage and elimination of solid waste |
| pancreas function | stores enzymes in inactive form (bicarbonate, digestive enzymes) |
| liver function | produces and secretes bile; first site of filtration after the SI |
| gallbladder function | stores bile (signaled by CCK) |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease-> occurs when abdominal pressure is too high or defective esophageal sphincter |
| nutritional recommendations for GERD | decrease fat, alcohol, acidic intake; lose weight |
| drugs for GERD | proton pump inhibitors, over the counter bicarbonate buffers |
| ulcers are caused by | Helicobacter pylori |
| inflammatory bowel diseases (2) | ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease (cause unknown; treatments for inflammation) |
| absorption compromised by imflammatory bowel diseases because (3) | reduced brush border activity, decreased transit time, damage to absorptive cells |
| celiac disease | gluten triggers immune response and immune cells attack mucosa cells |
| future treatments for celiac disease | enzyme supplementation, probiotics, polymeric binders |
| how many microbes in the body? | 100 trillion; 3 lbs |
| the breakdown of carbohydrate and protein by bacteria is an anaerobic process called | fermentation |
| ways microbes are good for nutrition (5) | amino acid synthesis, B/K vitamin synthesis, immune, metabolize carcinogens, make short chain FAs |
| Human Microbiome Project | map the complete set of genes in all bacteria |
| lack of bacteria in early life can lead to | allergies |
| infants exposed to antibiotics in the 1st 6m are | more likely to be overweight (correlation; not causation) |
| if you treat mice w/ bacteria from a pregnant woman... | they become fat |
| Clostridium Difficile | results from antibiotic use; best option is fecal transplant |
| man w/ lowest drinking tolerance | had brewer's yeast in his intestines (had a fecal transplant) |
| prebiotic foods | promote growth of nonpathogenic bacteria (high fiber) |
| mice twin study | obese microbiota= fat mouse; thin microbiota= thin mouse *of cohoused, they both remain thin |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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