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USH:Industrializatio
Industrialization, Immigration,Urbanization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION | HISTORIC PERIOD DURING WHICH MANUAL LABOR WAS REPLACED BY MACHINES |
| HORATIO ALGER | WROTE RAGGED DICK OR STREETS OF NEW YORK, A RAGS TO RICHES STORY |
| CAPITALISM | ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS, RATHER THAN GOVERNMENT, OWN THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION AND PROFITS GO TO THE OWNERS |
| FREE ENTERPRISE | CAPITALISM; EVERYONE IS ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE MARKETPLACE IN ORDER TO MAKE A PROFIT |
| ENTREPRENEUR | PEOPLE WHO INVEST MONEY IN ORDER TO MAKE A PROFIT; THESE PEOPLE FUELED INDUSTRIALIZATION (VANDERBILT, CARNEGIE, ROCKEFELLER) |
| PROTECTIVE TARIFF | USED BY THE GOVERNMENT TO ENCOURAGE PURCHASE OF AMERICAN GOODS |
| LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS | BUSINESSES ARE ALLOWED TO OPERATE WITHOUT GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE |
| PATENTS | FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GIVES AN INVENTOR EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO DEVELOP, USE, SELL AN INVENTION (THINK IPOD) |
| ELECTRICITY | THIS INVENTION EXTENDED THE NUMBER OF HOURS PEOPLE COULD WORK AND PLAY |
| BESSEMER PROCESS | PROCESS FOR PURIFYING STEEL; LED TO BUILDING OF SKYSCRAPERS, BRIDGES |
| TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD | CONNECTED THE EAST COAST TO THE WEST COAST; EXPANDED MARKETS AND IMPROVED COMMUNICATIONS;LED TO A "SPIRAL OF GROWTH" |
| MASS PRODUCTION | THE PRODUCTION OF A LARGE NUMBER OF PRODUCTS QUICKLY AND INEXPENSIVELY |
| ASSEMBLY LINE | PERFECTED BY HENRY FORD TO BUILD AUTOMOBILES, THIS PROCESS ALLOWS UNSKILLED WORKERS TO COMPLETE ONE STEP OF THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS |
| FARM WORKERS MOVED TO CITIES TO FIND WORK | WHAT HAPPENED AS A RESULT OF THE MECHANIZATION OF FARMS (TRACTORS, PLOWS, ETC) |
| RESERVATIONS | LAND SET ASIDE FOR NATIVE AMERICANS |
| ASSIMILATE | AMERICANIZATION OF NATIVE AMERICANS AND IMMIGRANTS (THINK "SIMILAR") |
| EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION | US BECOMES LEADING ECONOMIC POWER, URBANIZATION, NATIVE AMERICANS PUSHED TO RESERVATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT |
| CORPORATION | OWNERSHIP OF A BUSINESS BY STOCKHOLDERS; LIABILITY IS LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT OF INVESTMENT |
| CAPITAL | FUNDS INVESTED TO MAKE A PROFIT |
| MONOPOLY | COMPLETE CONTROL OF A PRODUCT OR SERVICE IN ORDER TO ELIMINATE COMPETITION AND SET PRICES |
| CARTEL | BUSINESSES THAT MAKE SAME PRODUCT, SET PRODUCTION LIMITS AND PRICES |
| JOHN D ROCKELLER | OWNER OF STANDARD OIL |
| CORNELIUS VANDERBILT | RAILROAD TYCOON |
| ANDREW CARNEGIE | STEEL TYCOON; WROTE GOSPEL OF WEALTH; BUILT LIBRARIES |
| HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION | CONSOLIDATING MANY FIRMS IN THE SAME BUSINESS |
| VERTICAL INTEGRATION | CONTROLLING MANY DIFFERENT BUSINESSES THAT MAKE UP THE STAGES OF AN INDUSTRY |
| ROBBER BARONS | CAPITALISTS AND TYCOONS KNOWN FOR BEING GREEDY AND POWERFUL WHO SWINDLED THE POOR |
| CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY | CAPITALISTS AND TYCOONS WHO SERVED THE NATION AND PROVIDED JOBS |
| SOCIAL DARWINISM | THOSE WHO ARE FINANCIALLY SUCCESSFUL ARE SUPERIOR |
| INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION | DEVELOPED BY CONGRESS TO REGULATE RAILROADS |
| SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT | LAW THAT MADE IT ILLEGAL TO HINDER OR HARM FREE TRADE (FIRST LAW THAT WOULD REGULATE INDUSTRY) |
| CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT | LEGISLATION THAT STATED SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT DOES NOT APPLY TO UNIONS |
| SWEATSHOPS | DANGEROUS, FILTHY, HOT WORKPLACE WHERE WORKERS SPENT LONG HOURS FOR LOW PAY |
| COLLECTIVE BARGAINING | WORKERS NEGOTIATE WITH OWNERS AS A GROUP FOR BETTER WAGES AND WORKING CONDITIONS |
| STRIKE | WORKERS REFUSE TO WORK UNTIL DEMANDS ARE MET |
| NATIONAL TRADES LABOR UNION | FIRST NATIONAL LABOR UNION |
| SOCIALISM | ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY THAT FAVORS PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY AND INCOME; WEALTH SHOULD BE DISTRIBUTED EQUALLY THROUGHOUT SOCIETY (TAX WEALTHY GIVE TO POOR) |
| MARX AND ENGELS | WROTE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO |
| KNIGHTS OF LABOR | INCLUDE ALL WORKERS OF ANY TRADE (LED BY URIAH SMITH) |
| AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR | ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL SKILLED WORKERS; LED BY SAMUEL GOMPERS |
| HAYMARKET RIOT | KNIGHTS OF LABOR STRIKE THAT ENDED IN VIOLENCE; CAUSED KNIGHTS OF LABOR TO FIZZLE OUT, BECAUSE PEOPLE TURNED AWAY FROM RADICALISM |
| EUGENE V DEBS | LEADER OF AMERICAN RAILWAY UNION; WENT TO PRISON; SUPREME COURT UPHELD HIS CONVICTION, FAVORING BUSINESS AND MAKING UNIONS ILLEGAL (IN RE DEBS) |
| NORTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPEAN PROTESTANTS | MAJORITY OF IMMIGRANTS WHO CAME TO US BEFORE 1870 (SETTLED ON FAMILY FARMS) |
| GERMAN AND IRISH CATHOLIC IMMIGRANTS | MAJORITY OF IMMIGRANTS WHO CAME TO US IN 1840'S AND 1850'S |
| SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPEANS | MAJORITY OF IMMIGRANTS WHO CAME TO US DURING LATE 19TH CENTURY; JEWISH, CATHOLIC, POOR, UNSKILLED (SETTLED IN CITIES) |
| PUSH FACTORS | FAMINE, WAR, POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS, PERSECUTION |
| PULL FACTORS | ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM |
| STEERAGE | WORST ACCOMMODATIONS ON SHIP |
| ELLIS ISLAND | IMMIGRATION STATION FOR THOSE WHO CAME FROM EUROPE |
| ANGEL ISLAND | IMMIGRATION STATION FOR THOSE WHO CAME FROM ASIA (CHINESE) |
| GHETTOES | ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS |
| SETTLEMENT HOUSE | INSTITUTIONS THAT ATTEMPTED TO ASSIMILATE IMMIGRANTS |
| MELTING POT | BELIEF THAT ALL WHITE PEOPLE BLEND TOGETHER, WHICH EXCLUDED AFRICAN AMERICANS AND ASIANS |
| NATIVISM | BELIEF THAT NATIVE BORN WHITES ARE SUPERIOR TO NEWCOMERS; FUELED RESENTMENT AND SUSPICION |
| CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT | LAW THAT PROHIBITED IMMIGRATION OF CHINESE LABORERS AND LIMITED RIGHTS OF CHINESE ALREADY IN US |
| GREAT MIGRATION | MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS OUT OF SOUTH TO ESCAPE SHARECROPPING, DISCRIMINATION (PUSH FACTORS) AND FIND EMPLOYMENT (PULL FACTORS) |
| SKYSCRAPERS | BUILDINGS GREATER THAN 10 STORIES; MADE POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF BESSEMER PROCESS, ELEVATORS AND CENTRAL AIR SYSTEMS |
| MASS TRANSIT | PUBLIC SYSTEMS THAT COULD TRANSPORT LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE INEXPENSIVELY; ELECTRIC STREETCARS AND SUBWAYS WOULD LEAD TO SUBURBS |
| ZONING LAWS | LAWS BY CITY PLANNERS THAT SEPARATE HEAVY INDUSTRY, BUSINESSES, HOMES, PUBLIC SPACES |
| TENEMENTS | LOW COST, MULTIFAMILY HOUSING FOR URBAN WORKERS |
| GILDED AGE | THE INDUSTRIAL AGE, AS DESCRIBED BY MARK TWAIN, BEING GLITTERY ON THE SURFACE AND ROTTEN AT ITS CORE |
| CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION | WAGES + MORE AVAILABLE PRODUCTS LED PEOPLE TO WANT AND BUY MORE |
| MASS CULTURE | AMERICANS. BOTH RICH AND POOR, BECOMING MORE ALIKE IN CONSUMPTION PATTERNS |
| CHAUTAUQUA CIRCUIT | CHRISTIAN SUMMER CAMP FOR FAMILIES |
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