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Micro Quiz 1
Micro Quiz 1 NWHSU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What immunity has: immediate reaction, fast response, aka 1st line of defense? | Innate Immunity |
| Give some examples of innate immunity? | Macrophages, Mucous, Nose hair, NON-SPECIFIC, skin |
| What immunity takes time to develop, slow? | Acquired immunity |
| Give some examples of acquired immunity? | B-cells, cytotoxic cells, helper T cells, immunologic memory cells, vaccines, SPECIFIC |
| Define first line of defense? | INNATE immunity- (1)Physical barriers (skin/mucous)(2)Chemical barriers |
| Define second line of defense? | INNATE immunity (NON-specific)- (1)Phagocytic cells, regulated cells, leukocytes (2)Biochemical responses (complement, inflammation) |
| Define third line of defense? | Acquired immunity |
| What are the 3 specific immune cells? | T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, plasma cell |
| What are dendritic cells? | Present in skin at birth but similar to macrophages) |
| Basophils stain? | Stain blue with basic dye methylene blue |
| Eosinophils stain? | Stain red/orange with the acidic dye eosin |
| Neutrophils stain? | Stain lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes |
| Monocytes do what? | Leave the blood and mature into macrophages *Agranulocytes |
| What are 4 Monocytes and where are they found? | (1)Langerhans cells-epidermis (2)Alveolar macrophages-lungs (3)Microglia-CNS (4)Kupffer cells-liver |
| Lymphocytes do what? | Most involved in specific immunity (3rd line of defense) *Agranulocytes |
| Allergies and parasitic worm infections increase what? | Increase eosinophil count |
| Bacterial diseases increase what? | Increase leukocyte count |
| Viral infections increase what? | Increase lymphocyte |
| Define Eosinophils 2nd line of defense? | Mainly attack parasitic helminthes by attaching to their surface. Secrete toxins that weaken or kill the helminth *NONphagocytic killing* |
| What are the 5steps in phagocytosis that occur in 2nd line of defense? | (1)Chemotaxis (2)Adherence (3)Ingestion (4)Phagosome maturation/microbe killing (5)Elimination |
| Define Natural killer lymphocytes 2nd line of defense ? | Secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells and tumors *NON phagocytic* |
| Define Neutrophils during 2nd line of defense? | Can generate reactive oxygen species & NET (neutrophil extracellular traps) |
| In Nonspecific chemical defense, lysozyme do what? | Lyses peptidoglycan (-polysaccharide in bacterial cell wall) |
| In Nonspecific chemical defense, Defensins do what | Inflammation increase the production of defensing & acts against pathogens in various ways |
| What are the ways in which defensins behave? | (1)punch holes in microbial (2)inhibits specific metabolic activity (3)inhibit intracellular signaling (4)inhibit heat-stress proteins |
| These receptors are transmembrane signal receptor proteins that are found in many cells of the immune system and cells that are NOT part of the immune system, recognize PAMPs? | Toll-like receptors |
| These receptors also recognize PAMPs, found inside the cell, trigger inflammation & apoptosis? | NOD proteins (nucleotide binding) |
| What are some various types of pyrogens in relation to fever? | Fragments of microorg, bacterial toxins, IL-1, INF-gamma, antibody-antigen complex |
| Benefits of fever include? | Enhances effects of interferon's, inhibits growth of some microorg, may enhance performance of phagocytes, cells of specific immunity, process of tissue repair |
| This results when chemical substance called ___ trigger the hypothalamus to increase the bodys core temp (fever) | Pyrogen |
| What cytokine singles among leukocytes? | Interleukins (ILs) |
| What cytokine is an antiviral and anticancer protein that may act as cytokines? | Interferons (IFNs) |
| What cytokine are proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide, maintaining an adequate supply of leukocytes? | Growth factors |
| What cytokine secreted by macrophages and Tcells to kill tumor calls and regulate immune responses and inflammation? | Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) |
| What cytokine signal leukocytes to go to a site of inflammation or infection and stimulate other leukocytes? | Chemokines |
| Antigens are recognized by specific or nonspecific? | SPECIFIC |
| Antigens interact with? | Antibodies, Bcells & Tcells receptors |
| What lymphocyte arises and matures in red bone marrow, found in spleen/lymph nodes/MALT? | B lymphocytes |
| What are the major functions of Blymphocytes? | Antibody productions, immunologic memoryy, regulation of the immune response |
| AKA as immunoglobulins (Ig). They are soluble, proteiancceous molecules that bind antigen? | Antibodies |
| Antibodies are responsible for what 7 things? | 1-Neutralization 2-Opsonization 3-Oxidation 4-Aggultination 5-Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity 5-Stimulation of inflammation 6-Activation of complement |
| How does Opsonization function? | Talks to 2nd line of defense |
| How does oxidation function? | Antibodies_bacterial cells=reactive oxygen species |
| How does Agglutination work? | Taking mobility away |
| HOw does antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity work? | Natural killer lymphocytes up regulated |
| How does stimulation of inflammation work? | Leads to attraction of phagocytic cells which leads to elimination of pathogens |
| What are the 5 classes of Immunoglobulins? | 1-IgG 2-IgA 3-IgM 4-IgE 5-IgD |
| Where is IgG & IgE located? | Serum, mast cell surfaces |
| Where is IgA located? | (Monomer)Serum, (Dimer)tears, milk, saliva-mucus membrane secretions |
| Where is IgM located? | Serum, B cell surfaces |
| Where is IgD located? | B cell surface |
| Where do Tlympocytes originate? | Red bone marrow and mature in the thymus |
| Where do Tlympocytes circulate? | In the lymph and blood->migrate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and peyers patches |
| T/F: Tlympocytes are cell mediated immune response? | True |
| Helper Tcells (TH, Th, T4, CD4) secrete? | Various cytokines |
| Th1 modulate ___ Tcell response and are associated with interleukin __ | Cytotoxic / 2 |
| Th2 modulate ___ immune response and are associated with interleukin__ | Humoral / 4 |
| Major histocompatibility complex communicates (binds to) with? | T cells |
| MCH-I is distributed to? | All nucleated cells |
| MHC-I functions? | Presentation of intracellular antigens |
| MCH-I outcomes? | Increase Tc response, self recognition, transplant rejection |
| MCH-II is distributed to? | Antigen presenting cells, macrophages, dendritic, Blymphocytes |
| MCH-II functions? | presentation of foreign antigens to Tlymphocytes |
| MCH-II outcomes? | Increase humoral immune response (and possible increase in Tc response) |
| ___ plays a major role in presenting self antigens | MCH-I |
| Define clonal deletion? | Lymphocytes editing by clonal deletion via apoptosis |
| Define cell-Mediated immune response? | Targets cells containing intracellular pathogens (mainly viruses and bacteria) |
| Primary response of immunological memory, IgM appears how many days later? | 5-7 days |
| Primary response of immunological memory, IgG appears how many days later? | Day 15 |
| Primary response of immunological memory, when does humeral response appear? | Almost 2 weeks later |
| The natural active acquired immunity involves? | Immunological memory due to change encounter |
| The natural passive acquired immunity involves? | Antibodies but NO memory, IgG-thru placenta, IgA-thru mothers milk |
| The artificial active acquired immunity involves? | Immunological memory do to vaccination- injection of an antigen |
| The artificial passive acquired immunity involves? | Injection of antibody, NO memory |
| Define active immunization? | Injection of antigen->immunologic memory |
| Define passive immunization? | Injection of antibodies->NO immunologic memory |
| What are the 3 types of vaccines? | 1-Attenuated 2-Inactive(killed) 3-Toxoid |
| Attenuated vaccines are also called? | Modified live vaccines. |
| Attenuated vaccines contain? | Replicating microbes that can stimulate a strong immune response due to the large number of antigen molecules |
| Advantage of attenuated vaccine? | Vaccinated individuals can infect those around them "contact immunity" |
| 3 Disadvantages of attenuated vaccine? | 1-May retain enough virulence to cause disease 2-Not for prego's 3-Modified viruses may revert back to mild types |
| Define inactivated whole agent vaccines? | Reactivated (killed) micfroorganism |
| Define inactivated subunit vaccines? | Fragments of microorganisms |
| 4 disadvantages with inactivated vaccines? | 1-May stimulate inflammatory response 2-Antigenically weak 3-formaldehyde is commonly used to inactivate microbes 4-High/mult doses may produce allergic reaction |
| Advantage of inactivated vaccines? | 1-Safer than live vaccines 2-cant replicate or mutate virulent form |
| T/F: IN inactivated vaccines, administration in high or multiple does, with adjuvant can make the vaccine more effective? | TRUE |
| What are adjuvants? | Substances that increase the antigenicity of the vaccine |
| Common adjuvants? | Aluminum phosphate, saponin, mineral oil |
| Define Toxoid vaccines? | Modified toxins-chemically/thermally/genetically |
| Toxoid vaccines stimulate? | A humoral immune response |
| Disadvantage of toxoid vaccine? | 1-Mult doses bc they posses few antigenic determinates |
| Advantage of toxoid vaccine? | Useful for some bacterial diseases |
| Protection from a disease provided to a population when pathogen cannot spread bc the majority of members of that population have immunity, known as? | Heard Immunity |
| Define passive immunotherapy? | Protection from certain illness exposure to toxin-Reactive NOT preventive |
| When is passive immunotherapy used? | A recent infection or ongoing disease is needed quickly |
| Serum used for passive immunizations is called? | Antiserum |
| Antisera may be contaminated with __ pathogens | viral |
| Antibodies of antisera are __ quickly | Degraded |
| Repeated injections of antisera can trigger? | an allergic response |
| Many limitations of antisera have been overcome by? | Hybridomas-Monoclonal antibodies( invitro) |
| What are agglutination test? | Cross linking of antibodies with particular antigens |
| Define titration? | Highest dilution where precipitate is visible |
| DEfine neutralization test? | test for previous exposure, immunity - detection of antibodies against specific virus |
| Two neutralization test? | viral neutralization test, viral hemagglutination inhibition |
| Monocytes leave the blood and mature into? | macrophages |
| ___most involved in specific immunity? | Lymphocytes |
| Agranulocytes: Langerhans cells found in? | epidermis |
| Agranulocytes: Alveolar macrophages found in? | Lungs |
| Agranulocytes: Microgila found in? | CNS |
| Agranulocytes: Kupffer cells found in? | Liver |
| Process of 2nd line of defense, PHAGOCYTOSIS: | 1-Chemotaxis 2-adherence 3-ingestion 4-phagosome maturation and microbial killing 5-elimination |
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wizdumbslp
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