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Histo2Exam1MASH 2014
Histo 2 Exam 1 NWHSU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the structure of the most permeable capillary | discontinuous sinusoids |
| How does the cytology of the AV node fibers differ from that of regular atrial muscle fibers? | smaller, less gap junctions, less intercalated discs |
| Describe the structure of the lymphatic capillary. | discontinuous epithelium and basal lamina |
| Three common consequences of atheroma. | thrombus formation, impaired blood flow, aneurysm |
| In addition to cardiac muscle, the myocardium of the atria contain a notable amount of _________ tissue | elastic connective |
| The atrial and ventricular myocardia are separated by the _________ and their only connection is the ______________. | cardiac skeleton; AV Bundle |
| What vessel adjusts the flow of blood to a region? | muscular artery |
| What causes AV delay? | the rate of depolarization in the AV node is about 10 times slower than in the SA node |
| What are the three layers of blood vessels in general from inside out? | tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia |
| Name the type of blood vessel in which the internal elastic lamina is a distinguishing characteristic. | muscular artery |
| Describe the tunica media of the aorta. | alternating layers of smooth muscle and fenestrated elastic lamina |
| Which group of cardiac muscle cells usually has the greatest intrinsic rate of depolarization? | -Purkinje fibers = 1.5-4 m/sec --SA Node = 0.3 m/sec --AV Node = 0.01 m/sec |
| Elastic fibers are particularly prominent in the ____________ of the heart. | Atrial Myocardium |
| In the heart, elastic CT is an especially important component on the _______________. | myometrium of the artia |
| This vessel acts as an auxiliary pump to maintain blood flow during diastole. | elastic artery |
| Name the two most significant tissues which comprise the atrial myocardium. | cardiac muscle and elastic CT |
| What provides an opportunity for lymphocytes and macrophages to remove foreign materials before they get into the blood? | lymph nodes |
| Other than thickness, how does the myocardium of the atria differ from that of the ventricles? | much more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle in atrial myocardium |
| What is the condition where too much fluid is in the pericardial sac, putting pressure on the heart? | tamonade |
| Hormones effecting vascular smooth muscle and Na+ excretion are secreted by ___________ cells of the heart. These hormones are called _____________. | atrial myocytes; atriopeptins |
| What vessels have pores covered by diaphragms? | Fennestrated capillaries |
| What vessel has two layers of smooth muscle? | arterioles |
| Which arteries are the most numerous? | muscular arteies |
| Where would you find purkinje fibers? | subendocardium |
| The lymphatic system is a very ____________ pressure system and accepts very ___________ molecules. | low, large |
| List the three functions of the lymphatic system. | --the return of fluids, electrolytes, protein, etc. back to the blood --the addition of lymphocytes and antibodies from the lymph nodes --lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine takes up dietary fat |
| The epicardium is also known as the ________________. | Visceral Pericardium |
| The purpose of occluding junctions in capillaries is what? | to force materials that are going in and out of the capillary to go through the cell, this way the cell may decide which may pass through. |
| ________ (AKA caveola) can be used with either occluding or adhering junctions. | transport vessicles |
| Fenestrated capillaries can alter their ____________ by rapidly changing their ____________. | permeability; # of fenestra |
| List the kinds of capillaries from least to most permeable. | --continuous with occluding junctions --continuous with no occluding junctions --continuous with pores (fenestra) --discontinuous and fenestrated |
| Give two other names for muscular arteries. | distributing arteries and medium arteries |
| What is found outside the largest muscular arteries? | external elastic lamina |
| The largest veins contain vast amounts of _______________. | CT in All layers |
| Blood vessels which supply the walls of blood vessels are called ____________. | Vasovasorum |
| Lymphatic vessels are absent in _____________ and _____________. | CNS Bone Marrow |
| Capillaries in the lymphatic system are ________________. | discontinuous |
| Fluid is moved through the lymphatic system by __________________________ but backflow is prevented by _____________. | the action of surrounding muscles; valves |
| The ________________ cell undergoes zonation in the process of platelet formation. | megakaryocyte |
| The human cardiac skeleton is formed of _______________. | dense fibrous CT |
| Describe the structure of the parietal pericardium. | fibrous connective tissue and serous membrane (CT and mesothelium) |
| What facilitates alveolar expansion during inspiration and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration? | pulmonary surfactant |
| What type of cell is the olfactory receptor cell? These cells live only a short time and are replaced by differentiation from ___________cells. | bipolar neuron; basal |
| What are the two major components of the alveolar wall? | elastic tissue and a dense capillary bed |
| What is the function of the alveolar type I pneumocyte? | blood/air barrier |
| Smooth muscle contributes to the walls of the respiratory tract from the bronchi through the level of the _______ | alveolar ducts |
| Describe the function of the true vocal cord. | pseudostratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium |
| Why is elastic CT important in the lungs? | allows for expansion during inspiration, provides recoil during expiration, tethers alveoli indirectly to the lung pleura, also prevents collapse during expiration |
| In the respiratory tree, hyaline cartilage is found from the level of the trachea through the ___________. | bronchioles |
| In the respiratory tree, elastic CT is found from the level of the trachea through the _____________. | alveolus |
| Clara cells are most numerous in the ____________. | bronchioles |
| Give one possible function of Clara cells. | eliminates inhaled toxins and helps lung prevent development of emphysema |
| What substance reduces alveolar surface tension? | surfactant |
| What is the function of the basal cell of the olfactory mucosa? | gives rise to new olfactory receptor cells |
| Alveolar Type 2 pneumocytes (great alveolar cells) secrete ___________. | surfactant |
| The epithelial lining of the trachea is ____________________. | pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells |
| The bronchiopulmonary segment is the portion of the lung is supplied by one ___________________. | Tertiary bronchus and all its branches |
| Which chronic obstructive airway disease is characterized by a loss of elastic support for the bronchioles with their subsequent collapseand difficulty during expiration? | emphysema |
| Which obstructive airway disease is a combination of bronchoconstriction and excessive production of mucous? | asthma |
| Which chronic obstructive airway disease is a result of the thickening of bronchial walls and muscle walls and is also a result of an increase in the number and size of mucous glands? | chronic bronchitis |
| The opening of the mouth into the pharynx is the ___________ while the nasal opening is the _______________. | oropharynx; nasopharynx |
| The oropharynx and the pharynx proper are lined by ____________ epithelium whereas the nasopharynx is lined by ____________ epithelium and ___________ epithelium | non-keratinizing stratified squamous; stratified squamous; ciliated columnar |
| The false vocal cord is lined by ______________ epithelium. | ciliated columnar |
| Describe the structure of the olfactory mucosa. | basement membrane -> basal cells -> olfactory receptor cells ->sustenacular/supporting cells -> lumen |
| List the three major cells of the olfactory mucosa. | basal, olfactory, and sustenacular cells |
| The predominant epithelium of the larynx is __________________. | stratified squamous |
| The epithelial lining of the vocal fold is _______________________. | stratified squamous |
| Which lingual papillae are associated with taste buds? | fungiform and circumvallate |
| Which major salivary gland is composed primarily of mucous cells? | sublingual gland |
| The cardiac sphincter is formed by ___________. | thickening of muscularis mucosa of the esophagus |
| The chief cells of the stomach secrete __________ primarily in response to ______________. | pepsinogen; gastrin |
| How does cytology of the parietal cell reflect its function? | increased surface area and large numbers of mitochondria |
| Describe the histology of the hepatic sinusoid. How does this contribute to the function of the liver? | discontinuous fenestrated endothelium and BL with Kupper cells and does not rest on the basement membrane; aids in filtration |
| What is the major function of the gall bladder epithelium? | concentrate bile |
| Gall bladder smooth muscle constricts in response to ____________which is secreted by _______________. | pancreozymin/cholesystokinin; parathyroid |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: Most of the proteoltic enzymes | pancreatic acinar cells |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: intrinsic factor | parietal cells of the stomach |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: bile salts | pancreozymen hepatocytes |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: pepsinogen | chief cells of the stomach |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: Lysozyme | Paneth Cells |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: Most plasma cells | Hepatocytes |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: HCL | Parietal cells of the stomach |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: Gastrin | Endocrine cells of the stomach (Chromaffin/argentiffin/enterochromaffin) |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: Somatostatin | Neuroendrocrine cells |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: Albumin | Hepatocytes |
| What cells of the digestive system secrete: Pancreozymin and Secretin | Endocrine cells in the small intestine |
| The smooth dome-shaped elevations on the posterior tongue are formed by _______________. | lymphoid tissue of the submucosa |
| Islands of columnar epithelium in Barrett’s esophagus are prone to what? | an ulcer resulting in abnormal bleeding |
| What function is suggested by the cytology of the striate ducts of the submandibular salivary glands? | reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ |
| In the hepatocyte, which organelles are the enzymes of detoxification? | smooth ER |
| Terminal digestion of carbohydrates and proteins is accomplished by ____________. | enzymes from the glycocalyx of the absorptive cells of the small intestine |
| Peyer’s patches are characteristic of what organ? | ileum |
| Describe the structure of the hepatic sinusoids. | meandering vessels, can be large, discontinuous, associated with phagocytes |
| Blood from __________ and _____________ enters the hepatic sinusoid | hepatic artery; portal vein |
| Which bacteria are associated with gastric ulcers? | helicobactor pylori |
| Portal hypertension may develop with cirrhosis of the liver. What has gone wrong in the liver to cause this? | the normal portal system is obstructed or gone |
| Secretin causes the secretion of alkaline material from the Brunner’s submucosal glands of the duodenum and also from _____________. | bile duct cells and pancreatic duct cells |
| Which cytologic characteristics of the parietal cell of the stomach reflects its function? | high in mitochondria, more plasma membrane, very acidophilic, large amounts of secretory granules and large amounts of sER |
| What is the function of the lacteal? | lymphatic vessels which receives chylomicrons (triglycerides and golgi products) |
| What is the purpose of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system? | two capillary bed system which ensures both releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus are in high concentration when they reach the adenohypophysis |
| Give two differences between the mucosae of the large and small intestines. | large intestine has no paneth cells, no plica circularis and no villi |
| Brunner’s glands secrete ______________ and are specific to the _____________. | alkaline fluid; duodenum |
| Esophageal varcies are a potential lethal complication of cirrhosis. Why? | distended submucosal blood vessels bulge into lumen and may be eroded by gastric acid |
| Which major salivary gland is primarily composed of serous acini? | parotid gland |
| The _____________papillae of the tongue are the most numerous and have no taste buds. | filform |
| Chylomicra are formed by _____________cells and are taken up by ______________ (vessels) in the lamina propria. | absorptive cells of the small intestine; the lacteal |
| What are predominantly absorbed by the proximal end of the small intestine? The distal end? | triglycerides; B12 and bile salts |
| In humans, the mixed seromucous salivary gland is the ______________, the serous salivary gland is the ____________ and the mucous salivary gland is the ____________. | submandibular; parotid; sublingual |
| Give two characteristics of cirrhosis of the liver. | dead hepatocytes and collapse of normal architecture |
| In the pancreas acinar cells secrete __________ in response to _______________ and duct cells secrete _____________ in response to ___________________. | digestive enzymes; pancreozymin; alkaline fluid; secretin |
| Which cells are present in both the small and large intestine? | absorptive cells, goblet cells, intestinal crypts and lymphoid tissue |
| The squamous epithelium of the esophagus is protected from exposure to gastric acid by what two things? | the arrangement of the esophagogastric junction and the muscular sphincter |
| The transformation of the lower esophagus from squamous epithelium to a gastric type of epithelium due to acid reflux is known as ___________. | Barrett’s esophagus |
| The breakdown of the protective mechanisms of the stomach resulting in gastric acid killing epithelial cells and lamina propria may result in ________________. | gastric ulcer |
| Name the three most Important diseases (adult) of the large intestine. | cancer; diverticular disease; ulcerative colitis |
| In infants and children the most important disease in the large intestine is ____________. | Hirschsprung’s disease |
| Name the outcomes of liver failure. | failure of synthetic functions (proteins like albumin) and failure of detoxification |
| Give two structural characteristics of the hepatocytes which refects their role in the synthesis and secretion of bile salts. | bile caveculae and occluding junctions |
| In the GI tract, protein cleving enzymes are secreted by ____________. | pancreatic acinar and chief cells of the stomach |
| What are the effects of pancreozymin/cholecystokinin (give the cells and their response)? | in the gall bladder it causes constriction of smooth muscle to squeeze out bile and in the pancreas it triggers acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes |
| A person is addicted to barbiturates, what cytology of the hepatocytes would reflect this? | --increased sER, mitochondria and secretory granules |
| In addition to enzymes and/or mucous, cells of the salivary gland also secrete ________________. | IgA secretory piece and lactoferrin |
| Esophageal varices is a very dangerous and potentially fatal disease. What condition related to cirrhosis of the liver may cause these varices? | portal hypertension |
| The adenohypophysis develops from _____________ while the neurohypophysis develops from the ________________. | Rathke’s pouch; hypothalamus of the diencephalons |
| What are the major regions of the stomach? | cardia, pylorus, fundus, corpus/body |
| What layer of cells does the stomach not contain? | adventitia |
| The esophagus is about _____ inches long. | 10 |
| Where does the esophagus run? | from the pharynx thru the diaphragm to the stomach |
| What is significant about the muscularis mucosa in the esophagus? | the upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle; the middle 1/3 is both skeletal and smooth muscle; the lower 1/3 is smooth muscle |
| List the glands found in the esophagus. | esophageal glands proper and esophageal cardiac glands |
| What are rugae? | folds or ridges in the stomach, primarily found in the corpus or body |
| Give some examples of where the spaces between cells of capillaries are very large. | liver; spleen; bone marrow |
| What are Peyer’s patches? | collections of lymphoid tissue |
| The basic structure of lingual papilla is a core of ___________covered by ________________ epithelium. | CT; stratified squamous |
| Which organs of the GI tract have submucosal glands? | duodenum and esophagus |
| Give signs and symptoms of untreated mellitus. | acidic breath due to high ketones, acidosis of blood, high blood sugar, muscle weakness, lethargic, possible coma or unconsciousness |
| Compare the muscularis externa of the large intestine and the small intestine. | small has inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer; large has inner circular with longitudinal arranged in 3 bands called tenia coli |
| What do each of the following organs contain: small intestine, colon, large intestine. | --small intestine villi, crypts, submucosal glands, paneth cells, goblet cells, Peyer’s patches --colon submucosal glands, goblet cells, Peyer’s patches --large intestine gobletcells and crypts |
| Which areas of the GI tract are lined by stratified epithelium? | esophagus, rectum, trachea |
| How does the cytology of the parietal cell correlate with its function? | Lots of mitochondria for energy to secrete HCl against its concentration gradient; more plasma membrane |
| Describe the structure of the splenic sinusoids. | --discontinuous columns of endothelium with discontinuous basal lamina in circumferencial rings |
| What is the significance of the structure of the splenic sinusoids? | highly permeable, thus allowing blood into spleen to be cleaned |
| Bile is synthesized by the ____________. | liver |
| The most acidophilic cell of the fundic gland is the ____________ cell. | parietal |
| The core of the tongue is composed of __________________. | skeletal muscle |
| Endocrine hormones (affecting vascular smooth muscle and transport of sodium and water in the kidney) are secreted by ___________ cells of the heart. | myocardial |
| Give the stimulus for secretion of pancreatic enzymes. | secretine/pancreozymen |
| Low levels result in both growth and mental retardation. | T3 &T4 thyroid hormone |
| Secreted by neurons of the hypothalamus. | antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| Stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidneys. | antidiuretic hormone |
| Produces an increase in blood calcium. | parathyroid hormone |
| Stimulates contraction of the uterine smooth muscle. | oxytocin |
| Inhibits osteoclast function. | calcitonin |
| Stimulates secretion of milk. | prolactin |
| Increases blood sugar. | glucagons, epinephrine, cortisol |
| Secretion is inhibited by somatostatin. | growth hormone, insulin, glucagons |
| Decreases blood potassium. | aldosterone |
| Increases free fatty acids in the blood. | cortisol, norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| Target is myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland. | oxytocin |
| Inhibits ACTH secretion. | cortisol |
| Secreted by the pars intermedia of the hypophysis | melanocyte stimulating hormone |
| Decreases blood osmolarity, blood volume and has neurogenic factors | antidiuretic hormone |
| Stimuli that results in the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone | FSH-releasing factor |
| Excess of this in childhood can result in giantism | growth hormone |
| Secretion of this hormone is uniquely under tonic inhibition | prolactin |
| Secreted by parafollicular cells | calcitonin |
| Rathke’s pouch gives rise to the ______________. | adenohypophysis |
| Give the targets of lutenizing hormone in the male and female. | Male=leydig cells; females=corpus luteum |
| What are fenestrated capillaries? Where are they found? | --continuous capillaries with pores allowing more movement; found in renal glomerulus of kidney whose job is excretion |
| Describe the structure of the splenic sinusoid. What is its functional significance? | discontinuous columns of endothelium with discontinuous basal lamina in circumferencial rings; highly permeable allowing blood into spleen to be cleaned |
| Hormones effecting vascular smooth muscle and Na+ excretion are secreted by _______________cells of the heart. | atrial cardiac muscle cells (atrial myocytes) |
| By what mechanism does aldosterone result in decreased plasma K+? | causes kidneys to excrete in the urine |
| In normal physiology, ADH is secreted in response to _______________. | increased osmotic pressure and decreased blood volume |
| Where does calcitonin come from? | parafollicular cells |
| What cells make and secrete insulin? | B cells of pancreatic islets |
| What specific cells secrete oxytocin? ADH? | paraventricular nucleus of neurohypophysis; supraoptic nucleus of the neurohypophysis |
| Which hormone of the adenohypophysis is the only hormone derived from the pars intermedia? | melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| Secretion of growth hormone is controlled by _____________ (hormones) which are products of the _____________(cells) of the ____________. | GHrf; GHrif; hypothalamus |
| What stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone? | decrease in blood Ca++ levels |
| Give the signs and symptoms of untreated diabetes mellitus. | acidosis, ketosis, dehydration, hyperglycemia, tachypnea |
| Aldosterone is likely to affect its target via the ___________ receptor. | mobile |
| What hormones are secreted from neuorsecretory cells of the respiratory tract? | Bombesin and serotonin |
| Endocrine hormones (which cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and loss of water and sodium through the kidney) are secreted by the ____________________ cells of the heart. | atrial cardiac muscle |
| Gastrin is secreted by ______________ cells of the stomach. | endocrine |
| Which cells secrete releasing factors? | neurons of the hypothalamus |
| Under normal conditions, the stimulus for antidiuretic hormone is? | decrease in blood volume and increase in osmotic pressure |
| What structure helps to ensure that the levels of releasing hormone are adequate to stimulate the targets? | hypothalmic/hypophyseal portal system |
| Secretin stimulates the secretion of an alkaline solution from ________________cells. | pancreatic duct |
| Glutocorticoids likely affect their targets via the ____________receptor model. | mobile |
| *By what mechanism does aldosterone result I decreased plasma K+? | causes kidneys to excrete it in the urine |
| Thyroglobulin is hydrolyzed by _____________ enzymes. | lysosomal |
| What are the targets of follicle stimulating hormone? | females -> ovarian follicle males -> seratoli cells |
| What is occurring at the germinal center? | plasma cell formation |
| What affect does somatostatin have on the cells of the adenohypophysis? | -inhibitory |
| Oxytocin is likely to affect its targets via the ____________ receptor model. | fixed |
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