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Developmental Defect
WVSOM Class of 2012 Developmental Defects
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the most sensitive period for teratogenesis? | 3-8 weeks |
| how does situs inversus happen? | defective morphogen genes from hensen's node |
| how does caudaldysgenesis happen? | insufficient mesoderm in caudalmost embryo |
| what is holoprosencephaly? what causes it? | deficiency of midline craniofacial structures from disruption of forebrain development; fetal alcohol syndrome |
| what is the name for when the neural tube fails to close? | spinal dysraphism |
| what are the 4 spina bifidas? | occulta, cystica, meningocele, and meningomyelocele |
| what are the symptoms of meningomyeloceles? | incontinence, csf leak, flaccid paralysis, and hydrocephaly |
| if the neural tube fails to close in brain vesicles, what happens? | ancephaly |
| amniocentesis shows what elevation in defects? | alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase |
| Malformations arising during development, produced by environmental, not genetic, insults are what? | developmental defects |
| disorders present at birth, produced by environmental and/or genetic causes. These can be morphological, behavioral and metabolic: | Birth Defects, Congenital Anomalies |
| malformations produced over a prolonged period of time due to persistent molding forces, e.g. cranial shape change due to decreased amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios): | deformation |
| malformations produced after the initial formation of a normal structure, due to abruptly occurring destructive forces, e.g. amniotic band disruption complexes causing in utero amputation: | disruption |
| morphological anomalies are called what? | congenital malformations |
| what is an extreme example of caudal dysgenesis? | sirenomelia |
| spina bifida occulta is a ___ neural tube defect while spina bifida meningomyelocele is a ____ neural tube defect: | closed; open |
| dysraphism is most common at what points in the neural tube? | L5 or S1 |
| Hydrocephaly and neurologic deficit is more common with ____ defects, urinary incontinence with ____ defects | anterior; posterior |
| what is a CSF-filled meningeal sac? | cranial meningocele |
| what is a CSF-filled meningeal sac that contains brain tissue? | cranial encephalocele |
| dizygotic twins are what? monozygotic? | fraternal, identical |
| if dyzygotic blastocysts implant in close proximity, what structures can be fused? | chorion, placenta |
| what is most common scenario for monozygotic twins, that is, when do they split? | embryoblast of the blastocyst splits in two |
| in monozygotic twins, if the embryoblast splits in two, what structures become fused? | chorion, placenta |
| in the case of monozygotic twins, when there is a split in the bilaminar stage just before formation of the primitive streak, what structures are fused? | chorion, placenta, amnion |
| in monozygotic twins, if the split occurs at the 2-cell embryo stage, what structures will be fused? | none |
| when a twin resorbs another twin, the mummified body is known as a what? | fetus papyraceus |
| if the embryoblast or germ disc does not separate completely, what condition develops? | conjoined twins |
| Conjoined twins are most common in what type of pregnancy? | monoamniotic |
Created by:
mhassan
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