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Chapter 26/27
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Versailles Treaty | First peace treaty of World War I; established Germany's guilt in starting the war and punished it through reparations and demilitarization |
| revisionism | Political aim of revising the World War I peace settlements |
| trust territories and mandates | Former colonies and territories of losing countries given by the League of Nations to the winning countries to oversee |
| protectorate | Political entity that formally agrees by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state |
| Bela Kun | Leader of a short-lived Bolshevik regime in Hungary crushed by Romanian and Slovak forces |
| Republic of Fiume | Revolutionary experiment led by Gabriele D' Annunzio, whose dictatorship and militarized police state were precursors of fascism |
| charismatic leadership | Leadership style that uses emotional appeals to arouse followers and compel loyalty |
| Irish Free State | Irish state established in 1922 with dominion status, consisting of all of Ireland except Northern Ireland, which remained under direct British rule |
| dominion | Status in which former colonies recognize the British monarch as the head of the state but control their internal and foreign affairs |
| Irish Republican Army | Military organization recognized in 1919 by the parliament of the Republic of Ireland as its army, revived in 1970 as a paramilitary terrorist organization |
| moratorium | Delay in the payment of the war debt |
| Ruhr occupation | Occupation by French and Belgian troops of Germany's industrial Ruhr district to enforce the war reparations clause of the Versailles Treaty |
| hyperinflation | Rapid devaluation of a currency that reduces its buying power overnight |
| John Maynard Keynes | British economist whose theories revolutionized the supply-demand equation and inspired government policies to encourage economic growth |
| Great Depression | Global economic crisis that began in October 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s |
| deflationary | Referring to a fiscal policy aimed at preventing inflation |
| gold standard | Fiscal policy that pegs national currency to gold reserves |
| National Unity Government | Coalition government in Britain during the first half of the 1930s, headed by Labour leader Ramsey MacDonald but dominated by the Conservatives |
| Spanish Civil War | War won by the right-wing Nationalists, supported by the Nazis, over republican left-wing forces, supported by the Soviets |
| Francisco Franco | General and leader of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War and dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975 |
| Carol II | Romanian king who ruled in an authoritarian fashion |
| dictatorship | Autocratic form of government headed by a single all-powerful ruler, the dictator |
| Lebensraum | Idea that Germany needed to expand eastward to secure the healthy growth of the Aryan race |
| Schutzstaffel(SS) | Hitler's personal bodyguards in the early days of the Nazi party |
| Enabling Act | Decree passed by the Reichstag in 1933 that enabled Hitler to legally eliminate all political enemies and assume full dictatorial powers |
| Third Reich | Titles used for the period of Nazi rule in Germany |
| Maxim Litvinov | Soviet foreign commissar in the 1930s who orchestrated the admission of the Soviet Union to the League of Nations |
| pariah | Outcast; a nation that is diplomatically shunned, its leadership and actions not recognized as legitimate |
| five-year plans | Centralized formula for economic planning initiated by Stalin in 1928 to direct and coordinate protection in all sectors of the economy |
| command economy | State-controlled economy in which all aspects of the economy are controlled by the state in a centralized manner |
| collectivization | Soviet policy for turning all agricultural land into state-owned farms and peasants into wage laborers |
| kulaks | Entrepreneurial peasants who enriched themselves during the NEP years |
| Great Purges | Campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. |
| gulag | Soviet forced-labor camp system in which political enemies of the state were confined and literally worked to death |
| totalitarianism | State system in which the state has total control over politics, economic life, and society at large |
| Night of Long Knives | FIrst purge of the SA, in which Hitler's personal political enemies and disloyal followers were killed in one night in 1934 |
| Aryan race | Pseudoscientific idea of the racially superior group that made up the German nation |
| euthanasia | Forceful termination of one's life in a presumably painless way |
| Gestapo | Nazi secret police that implemented Hitler's policies of total control |
| concentration camp | Camp for the internment of political prisoners and "undesirables," especially as organized by the Nazi regime |
| Nuremberg Laws | Edicts issued by the Nazis in 1935 that deprived Jews of German citizenship and initiated their segregation from German life |
| Leni Riefenstahl | Famous German film director who made propaganda films for the Nazis |
| Berlin-Rome Axis | Agreement between Mussolini and Hitler in 1936 to support each other in their expansionist goals |
| Popular Fronts | Moderate left-wing coalition governments during the 1930s that brought political stability, social reforms, and some economic recovery from the Great Depression |
| Leon Blum | First jewish prime minister of France, a Socialist who led the Popular Front government in 1936 |
| Thomas Mann | Great German writer of the twentieth century who was persecuted by the Nazis for his staunch criticism of their anti-Semitism |
| Virginia Woolf | Pacifist English writer who drew attention to gender inequalities |
| Dietrich Bonhoeffer | German Lutheran pastor who openly criticized the Nazis and organized an underground church during the Third Reich |
| Pius XII | Pope who failed to take a strong stance against the Nazis under the pretext of neutrality |
| Munich Conference | Emergency meeting in 1938 in which Britain and France gave in to Hitler's demand for the Czech Sudetenland |
| appeasement | Policy of giving in to an opponent's requests to prevent further demands |
| Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact | Non-aggression agreement of 1939 that secretly divided teh Baltic countries and Poland between the Soviets and the Germans and allotted part of Romania to the Soviet Union |
| blitzkrieg | German attack strategy involved massed air force cover and rapid, motorized tank and troop movements that overwhelmed opponents |
| Vichy France | Puppet state established by the Nazis in southern France during World War II, named so for its capital in Vichy |
| Battle of Britain | Nazi air campaign against the British Isles in the fall of 1940 that became Germany's first major defeat |
| Lend-Lease Act | U.S. commitment in 1941 to grant massive financial and military support to the Allies |
| Atlantic Charter | Agreement between Churchill and Roosevelt in 1941 stating Allied goals for the war, including the commitment to restoring democracy |
| Operation Barbarossa | Code name for the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 |
| Joseph Goebbels | Hitlers's propaganda minister who played a central role in the Final Solution |
| Pearl Harbor | U.S. naval base in Hawaii bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941, drawing the United States into World War II |
| Stalingrad | Soviet city held under siege by the Nazis for six months where the Soviets scored one of the most important victories in 1942 |
| Kursk | Battle in which the Nazis received a crushing defeat through Soviet blitzkrieg tactics |
| Operation Overload | Code name for the ALlied invasion of France in June 1944 |
| atomic bomb | Bomb powered by nuclear energy, with unprecedented destructive capability, developed first by the scientists in the United States |
| Manhattan Project | Extensive science and development program in teh United States in 1942-1945 that produced a nuclear bomb |
| Yalta Conference | Meeting of Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin in 1945 to discuss postwar peace |
| Wannsee Conference | Meeting of high-ranking Nazis in early 1942 that officially decided to exterminate all Jews |
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tdub1330
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