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Chapter 25
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kaiser William II | Prussian king and German Kaiser, noted for his impetuous and unsteady character |
| Triple Alliance | Military alliance concluded in 1882 by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
| Entente Cordiale | Set of agreements signed between France and Great Britain in 1904 pledging cooperation, but not a formal military alliance |
| Triple Entente | Agreement signed in 1907 by Russia, France, and Great Britain pledging closer relations |
| Schlieffen Plan | German war plan of the early twentieth century that aimed to avoid a two-front war by a quick and massive attack first on France, then on Russia |
| Pan-Slavism | Movement from later nineteenth century emphasizing Russia's kinship with other Slavic nations, especially those under Ottoman and Habsburg rule |
| Balkan Wars | Two wars, in 1912 and 1913, among countries of the Balkan Peninsula, the first ending with defeat for the Ottoman Empire, the second with defeat for Bulgaria |
| ultimatum | Harsh demand requiring an immediate positive answer to avoid dire consequences |
| propaganda | Efforts to influence public opinion, often using dishonest or misleading means |
| mobilization | Calling up or military reserves and putting armies in place for battle that generally precedes a war |
| Allied Powers | Wartime coalition of France, Great Britain, Russia, Serbia, and others, in the end a total of twenty-four countries including the United States |
| Central Powers | Opponents of the Allies in World War I, most importantly Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria |
| Alexandra Kollontai | Russian revolutionary and diplomat, commissar for social welfare in 1918 and head of the women's section of the Communist Party |
| First Battle of the Marne | Crucial battle near the Marne River, just north of Paris, in early September 1914, in which the French stopped the German advance |
| Tannenberg | Battle in East Prussia in August 1914 in which the Germans decisively defeated the Russian army |
| casualties | Deaths and injuries in battle |
| no mans land | Territory between the two opposing enemy lines trenches that had to be crossed in an attack |
| shell shock | Psychological disorder, sometimes lasting decades, caused by the extreme stress faced by men under the constant barrage of explosions during war |
| Paul Nash | English painter whose disorienting, surreal paintings depicted the bizarre world of the trenches |
| Verdun | French fortress attacked by Germans in 1916, resultin in almost 700,000 casualties |
| Somme | Battle in 1916 near the Somme River in which the British and French failed to break through German lines, resulting in one million Allied casualties |
| Winston Churchill | English politician of aristocratic background who backed the disastrous Gallipoli campaign, nearly destroying his political career; as prime minister during World War II, he inspired British victory |
| Gallipoli | Peninsula in western Turkey where an Allied attack using Australian and New Zealander troops from April to December 1915 ended in failure |
| amphibious | Military action using both land and sea troops |
| materiel | Military hardware such as guns, tanks, and ammunition |
| Jutland | Naval battle in 1916 between Britain and Germany off the coast of Denmark that ended in a draw |
| U-boat | Submarine |
| unrestricted submarine warfare | German policy of attacking without warning any ship entering British waters during World War I |
| convoy system | Grouping merchant ships together with an escort o armed naval vessels, successfully used to protect shipping form U-boats |
| total war | War in which all elements of the population, economy, and politics are obliged to serve the military effort |
| Easter Uprising | Nationalist rebellion in Dublin in 1916 that demanded Irish independence and was bloodily suppressed by British authorities |
| T.E. Lawrence | English soldier and scholar known as "Lawrence of Arabia" who led the Arabs agains Turkish domination during World War I |
| Sykes-Picot Agreement | Treaty of 1916 dividing up Ottoman territory in the mIddle East between Great Britain and France |
| Balfour Declaration | Official statement by the British government in November 1917 in favor of a jewish "national home" in Palestine, a major victory for Zionism |
| Armenian Massacre | Killing of as many as 1.5 million Christian Armenians by the Muslim Turkish military and Muslim Kurds in 1915-1916 |
| nationalization | The taking over of private enterprise by a government, sometimes with compensation, sometimes not, often in emergencies |
| Grigory Rasputin | Siberian peasant healer whose ability to ease the suffering of Tsar Nicholas's son Alexis gained him entry to the Russian imperial family |
| Provisional Government | Temporary Russian government in March-November 1917 that was led by former Duma members and deposed by the Bolshevik Revolution |
| amnesty | General pardon by government |
| Petrograd Soviet | Radical council that represented socialist workers and soldiers and shared power with more moderate Provisional Government |
| Bolsheviks | Radical wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Party in 1917 led by Vladimir Lenin, whose program called for "Peace, Land, and Bread." |
| Alexander Kerensky | Moderate socialist and prime minister of the Provisional Government who was deposed by the Bolsheviks |
| Leon Trotsky | Russian revolutionary who along with Lenin helped bring the Bolsheviks to power in 1917 |
| national self-determination | Right of ethnic groups or nations to autonomy, often falsely interpreted to mean the setting up of independent nation-states |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Harsh peace imposed on Soviet Russia by German in March 1918 that stripped Russia of large territories on its western borders |
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tdub1330
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