Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Memory&Language
AP Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| clustering | the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups |
| long term memory | an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time |
| retroactive interference | occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information |
| flashbulb memories | unusually vivid and detailed recollections of a momentous event |
| transfer appropriate processing | occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention |
| recognition | a measure of retention that requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options |
| retrograde amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia |
| schema | an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event |
| episodic buffer | a working memory component that is temporary, limited capacity store that allows the other various components of working memory to integrate information and that serves as an interface between working memory and long-term memory |
| misinformation effect | occurs when a participant's recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information |
| retention interval | the length of time between the presentation of materials to be remembered and the measurement of forgetting |
| forgetting curve | graphs retention and forgetting over time |
| motivated forgetting | also known as repression |
| declarative memory system | handles factual information |
| reality monitoring | a sub type of source monitoring. refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources or internal sources |
| tip of the tongue phenomenon | the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach |
| attention | involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events |
| structural encoding | relatively shallow encoding that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus |
| ...early | when one is attending to complicated, high-load tasks that consume much of one's attentional capacity, selection tends to occur... |
| storage | involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time |
| sensory memory | preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second |
| retrieval cues | stimuli that help gain access to memories |
| long term potentiation | long term depression, A durable decrease in synaptic excitability along a neural pathway |
| lack of attention | pseudoforgetting is usually attributable to? |
| retrieval | involves recovering information from memory stores |
| ...later | when one is attending to simple, low-load tasks, more attentional capacity is left over to process the meaning of distractions allowing for ..... selection |
| source monitoring error | occurs when a memory derived from once source is misattributed to another source |
| neurogenesis | the formation of new neurons may contribute to the sculpting of neural circuits that underlie memory |
| semantic | memory system containing general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned |
| source monitoring | involves making attributions about the origins of memories |
| nonsense syllables | consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words |
| encoding | involves forming a memory code |
| conceptual hierarchy | a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items |
| consolidation | a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory |
| chunk | a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit |
| semantic encoding | the type of encoding that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input; it involves thinking about the objects and actions the words represent |
| parallel distributed processing | the model that asserts that specific memories correspond to particular patterns of activation in these networks |
| short-term memory | a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10-20 seconds |
| prospective memory | involves remembering to perform actions in the future |
| sensory store | can hold the least amount of information |
| dual coding theory | memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall |
| elaboration | linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding. semantic encoding is often enhanced by this process |
| reconstruction | memories are sketchy; past may be distorted and may include details that did not actually occur |
| nondeclarative memory system | houses memories for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses |
| decay theory | forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time |
| central executive | a working memory component which is not a storage system, controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention as needed |
| episodic | memory system made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences; using "time travel" to re-experience the past |
| mnemonic device | strategies for enhancing memory |
| retention | refers to the proportion of material retained |
| semantic network | consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts |
| cryptomnesia | inadvertent plagiarism that occurs when people come up with an idea that they think is original when they were actually exposed to it earlier |
| context cues | trying to recall an event by putting yourself back in the context in which the event occurred, thus aiding in memory retrieval |
| encoding specialty principle | holds that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code. This principle provides on explanation for the inconsistent success retrieval efforts |
| interference | theory that proposes people forget information because of competition for other material |
| retrospective memory | involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information |
| overconfidence | fueled by the failure to seek disconfirming evidence |
| visuospatial sketchpad | a working memory component that permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images. E.g., picturing one's living loom and rearranging it's layout |
| ...semantic | retrieval from long-term memory is usually best when the information has been stored at what level of processing? |
| spreading activation | when people think about a word, their thoughts naturally go to related words. This occurs within a semantic network |
| levels of processing theory | a theory that proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes |
| self referent encoding | involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how the events actually turned out |
| phonemic encoding | emphasizes what a word sounds like. This type of encoding involves naming or saying (perhaps silently) the words |
| imagery | can be used to enrich encoding, by creating visual images to represent the words to be remembered |
| method of loci | involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations |
| working memory | short-term memory |
| recall | a measure of retention that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues |
| ...phonemic | short-term memory had originally thought to depend primarily on what type of encoding? |
Created by:
chrissyp
Popular Social Studies sets