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1920s terms&people
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Palmer raids | attempts to round up & deport radical left-wings that were suspected to be communists; part of the "red scare"; leading the "raids" was Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer |
| Sacco & Vanzetti Case | case in which Italian immigrants Nicola Sacco & Batolomeo Vanzetti were convicted & electrocuted for the crime of murdering a Mass. paymaster and his guard; trial was held with a biased jury; it is now speculated that Sacco & Vanzetti were falsely accused |
| Ku Klux Klan | reborn in 1920s; not just anti-black, also against immigrants & those of diff. views (aren't WASP); spread throughout the country regardless of class or region; took on a noble, chivalrous image; had to be a member to succeed in certain occupations |
| Emergency Quota Act | (1921)temp. solution; restricted # of immigrants to 3% of the population of the immigrant's nationality in the US in 1910; favorable towards immigrants from southern & eastern Europe because many peoples from these areas immigrated to the US before 1910 |
| Immigration Act of 1924 | reduced immigration quota to 2% of each nationality according its population in the US in 1890; favored N. Europeans because there were hardly any S. European immigrants in the US before 1890; signaled end of nearly unrestricted immigration |
| Eighteenth Amendment | authorized 1919; banned alcohol w/content>2.75%; implemented by Vosltead Act; in S., represented whites fearing drunk blacks; in W., represented attack on "wild west" culture; in E. cities, for immigrants, drinking is a part of sociability |
| Prohibition | no alcohol w/content>2.75%; noble but naive concept; helped increase bank savings & reduce car accident death rate&drunk worker absences, but enforcement wasn't solid; hard alcohol in speakeasies & the White House; led to increase of gangsterism |
| "drys" vs. "wets" | "dry"=alcohol content<2.75% "wet"=hard alcohol content>2.75% |
| "noble experiment" | prohibition;while the it had good intentions (hence "noble"), nothing like it had been tried before in the US (hence "experiment"); results were good (increased bank savings, decreased factory absences & car accidents), but prohib. not followed completely |
| Scopes Monkey Trial | Dayton, TN 1925; sham trial to bring attention to creation vs. evolution; John T. Scopes' (gym, not biology, teacher) defense attorney-Clarence Darrow; WJ Bryan- prosecutor; Bryan gets cross-examined, Darrow chickens out; Scopes found guilty & fined $100 |
| Model T | "Tin Lizzie"; one of 1st functioning gasoline-powered cars, 1st gasoline car fit for consumers; developed by Henry Ford & built on an assembly line; led to cultural & sexual revolution, car-related inventions, & higher standard of living |
| Standardization | setting a norm for American culture; e.g. mass production (all Model T's look alike and many people own one; every house has a radio) and tastes (colloquialism, entertainment) |
| "Fordism" | economic & sovcial system based on mass-production (stems from Ford's use of the assembly line to mass produce Model T's) |
| KDKA | Pittsburgh radio station that broadcast news of Harding landslide; world's 1st commercial radio station |
| The Birth of a Nation | (1915) by DW Griffith; glorified KKK and defamed blacks & N. carpetbaggers; phenomenal filming skill for its time; shown in White House under Wilson; credited with rekindling the KKK |
| The Jazz Singer | (1927) 1st "talkie" movie; featured White Jew Al Jolson in blackface; movie theaters had to be "wired for sound" |
| flappers | free-spirited women who went against traditional views of females; wore short dresses, lipstick, and one-piece bathing suits, had short hair, drank alcohol, and danced to jazz ("black music"), e.g. the Charleston |
| Harlem Renaissance | time in 1920s during which the black community of Harlem nurtured numerous black artists and writers, one of which was Langston Hughes |
| United Negro Improvement Association | founded by Jamaincan-born Marcus Garvey in Harlem; promoted resettlement of American blacks to "African homeland"; inspired race pride among 4 million black UNIA followers; important to founding of Nation of Islam movement |
| The Lost Generation (to be found elsewhere) | generation that came after WWI; term popularized by E Hemingway; writers of this generation were many times "new immigrants" and wrote of new codes of morals & understanding, focusing on themes relevant to modern occurrences (e.g. WWI, cultural changes) |
| The Great Gatsby | (1925) written by F. Scott Fitzgerald; story based on wild life of flappers & rich party-goers |
| The Sun Also Rises | (1926) written by Ernest Hemingway; story about disillusioned, spiritually numb Americans in Europe after the war |
| Bull Market | frenzied speculation; boom-or-bust trading on the stock market; people invested everywhere, buying stocks "on margin"; wall street investors = bulls; allure of quick riches through the stock market drew in those with less money |
| "Never sell America short" | never deny Americans of what they want (which is $$$$) |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | AKA "fighting Quaker"; an attorney general who took a large part in accusing radical left-wings of being communists; rounded up about 6,000 suspects; house was once bombed |
| Nicola Sacco | shoe factory worker, Italian, atheist, anarchist, & draft dodger; convicted and electrocuted for murdering Mass. paymaster & guard |
| Bartolomeo Vanzetti | fish peddler, Italian, atheist, anarchist, & draft dodger; convicted and electrocuted for murdering Mass. paymaster & guard |
| Al Capone | AKA Scarface/Public Enemy Number One; rich gangster from Chicago; sold "wet" liquor; murdered his competition; jailed in 1932 for (of all things) falsifying income tax returns |
| William Jennings Bryan | prosecutor in Scopes Monkey trial; Presbyterian Fundamentalist & expert on the Bible; allowed Darrow to cross-examine him but never got the chance to cross-examine Darrow; Darrow made him look like a fool; died 5 days after the end of the trial |
| Clarence Darrow | famous criminal lawyer; defended Scopes; mocked Bryan while cross-examining him, resigned from him job before he himself got questioned |
| Andrew Mellon | war & Treasury Secretary; tax policies favored expansion of capital investment |
| Henry Ford | built fortune from an impoverished life; built the Model T & perfected the assembly line method of production; proclaimed "History is bunk" (ironic that he's now in a history book) |
| George Herman Ruth | homerun hero and "image-maker" of the Yankees; countless fans bought tickets to see him; aided in making baseball part of the consumer economy w/his popularity drawing people in |
| Jack Dempsey | heavyweight champion; some fans were willing to pay over a million dollars to watch him fight; aided in making boxing part of the consumer economy |
| Charles Lindbergh | AKA flyin' fool; performed 1st solo W->E trip over the Atlantic for $25,000, using a single-engine plane; Americans found him to be a hero; helped strengthen aviation industry by dramatizing & popularizing flying, which was safer&faster than other options |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Italian inventor who invented wireless telegraphy in 1890s |
| D.W. Griffith | directed "The Birth of a Nation" (1915) |
| Al Jolson | white Jew who performed in blackface as a jazz singer, both when acting in "The Jazz Singer" and as an occupation in the south |
| Dr. Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician & pioneering psychologist; argued that sexual repression caused nervous & emotional ills, so health called for sexual gratification & liberation |
| Marcus Garvey | feminist who championed use of contraceptives; founded "Birth Control Federation" which is now Planned Parenthood; believed in Eugenics |
| Langston Hughes | a writer who was a product of the Harlem Renaissance; published 1st volume of verses in 1926 ("The Weary Blues") |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | Minnesota-born Princetonian; wrote about wild lifestyle in 1920's; became famous w/his work This Side of Paradise (1920); went on to write The Great Gatsby |
| Ernest Hemingway | fought in WWI on Italian front 1917, which influenced most of his works; wrote The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929); devised a lean, word-sparing, word-perfect style; shot himself in 1961 |
| William Faulkner | Mississippian; wrote bitter war novel Soldier's Pay (1926) and 2 novels about Deep South county, The Sound and the Fury (1929) and As I Lay Dying (1930) |
| Ezra Pound | Idahoan poet; moved to Europe, rejected civilization; strongly influenced by T. S. Eliot ("The Waste Land" (1922)) |
| Eugene O'Neill | New York dramatist, Princeton dropout, playwright; wrote Strange Interlude (1928) about Freudian ideas of sex; wrote more than a dozen plays in 1920s & won Nobel Prize in 1936 |
| gangsterism | greatly increased in 1920s by prohibition; revolved around alcohol; bribed police; threatened citizens into giving money; machine guns; violence especially in Chicago w/Capone; eventually, gangsterism spread to prostitution, gambling, & narcotics |
| music | jazz became more popular- Handy, "Jelly Roll" Morton, "Joe" King Oliver, Louis Armstrong-famous black musicians; but although jazz originates from African culture, industry replaced black bands w/ all-white bands (Paul Whiteman)- profits went to whites |
| roaring economics | bull market + "never sell America short" + exponential increase in American debt + cutting down on income taxes = "roaring economics" = bad news for the future of the economy |
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KayT
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