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Public Policy Terms
Key Terms for Unit 3: Interest Groups/Public Policy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bipartisanship | support from both parties for policy, e.g., a bipartisan foreign policy |
| Budget deficit | results when federal expenditures exceed federal revenues for a one year period |
| Deficit spending | the federal government’s practice of spending more money than it takes in as revenues. |
| Deregulation | elimination of federal regulations on private companies |
| Entitlements | federal benefit payments to which recipients have a legal right, e.g., Social Security. Also known as uncontrollables. |
| Fiscal policy | taxing and spending policies |
| Means testing | requiring that those who receive federal benefits show a need for them. |
| Monetary policy | Federal Reserve Board’s regulation of the supply of money in circulation |
| National debt | total debt owed by the federal government due to past borrowing. Also known as the public debt. |
| Subsidy | federal financial aid to individuals, e.g., welfare, food stamps, agricultural subsidies. |
| Hard Money | campaign contributions regulated and limited by the federal government that are given directly to a candidate |
| Soft Money | unlimited and unregulated campaign contributions to federal candidates and the national parties supposedly for generic "party building" activities (ex: get-out-the-vote drives, bumper stickers, yard signs, and "issue ads") |
| Political Action Committee (PAC) | officially registered fund-raising organization that represents interest groups in the political process |
| 527 Groups | Tax-exempt interest groups that can engage in varying levels of political activity |
| Super PACs | PACs may raise and spend unlimited sums of money in order to advocate for or against political candidates |
| Tillman Act(1907) | the first legislation in the United States prohibiting monetary contribution to national political campaigns by corporations |
| Federal Election Capaign Act(1971, 1974) | increased disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns and 1974 amendments placed legal limits on the campaign contributions |
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (a.k.a. McCain-Feingold Act) | banned national parties and officeholders from raising and spending "soft money," and prohibited corporations and unions from funding "electioneering communications" within 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election |
| Buckley v. Valeo (1976) | candidates spending money to finance their own campaigns is a form of consitutionally protected free speech through the 1st amendment |
| McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (2003) | upheld most of BCRA ruling that restrictions on free speech justified by government's interest to prevent corruption in campaigns |
| Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) | ruled spending is protected speech under the 1st Amendment and the government cannot prohibit spending by corporations and labor unions to support or denounce individual candidates in elections |
Created by:
mrcoia
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