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U.S. Study Guide
Chapter 21 and 22 Study Guide
| Question and Term | Answer and Definition |
|---|---|
| How did Nixon win support from Southerners in the election of 1968? | Appoint conservatives to federal courts, appoint a Southerner to the Supreme Court, oppose busing. |
| Southern Strategy: | He took steps to slow desegregation. |
| In order to fulfill his campaign promise to fight crime, who did Nixon target? | Antiwar Protestors. |
| New Federalism: | Congress passed Revenue-sharing bills. |
| Revenue-Sharing Bills: | Provided federal funds to state and local agencies. |
| Henry Kissinger: | Chosen as Nixon's national security adviser. |
| Detente: | Relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China. |
| Who was the first American president to visit the Soviet Union? | Richard Nixon |
| Strategic Arms Limitation treaty: | Limit nuclear arms, increase trade and the exchange of scientific info. |
| Enemies List: | Named anyone he suspected of being a threat to his presidency. |
| Why did burglars break into the Watergate Complex? | Because to steal campaign information from the Democratic Party Headquarters. |
| James McCord: | Watergate burglar and ex-CIA official. |
| John Dean: | Testified that Mitchell ordered the break in and Nixon was active in its cover-up. |
| John Mitchell: | Accused of ordering the Watergate break-in. |
| How did Nixon try to avoid turning over the Watergate tapes? | By claiming that the tapes would compromise national security. |
| Executive Privilege: | The principle that White House conversations be kept confidential to protect national security. |
| Spiro Agnew: | Vice President under Nixon who resigned for taking bribes. |
| Gerald Ford: | Became Nixon's VP after Spiro Agnew resigned. |
| Impeach: | Officially charge Nixon of presidential misconduct. |
| Federal Campaign Act Amendments: | Limited campaign contributions and set up an independent agency to administer stricter election laws. |
| Embaro: | Stopping of shipping. |
| What had the U.S. economy become dependent on by the 1970s? | Imported oil. |
| What caused the energy crisis of the 1970s? | OPEC price increases and government regulation of oil industry. |
| Stagflation: | Caused by Economic Stagnation and rising prices. |
| Why did President Ford's approval rating plummet after taking office? | Because he granted Nixon a full pardon. |
| Whip Inflation Now: | Voluntary cutbacks on oil and gas consumption. |
| Who became president after Ford in 1976? | Jimmy Carter |
| Department of Energy: | Created to help conserve oil and promote the use of the coal and renewable sources. |
| What did the two Panama Canal Treaties in 1978 do? | Transferred control of the canal from U.S. to Panama. |
| Camp David Accords: | Historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. |
| Busing: | Policy that prompted "white flight" to private schools. |
| Affirmative Action: | Called for companies to actively recruit African American employees. |
| University of California Regents V. Bakke: | Schools could use racial criteria as a part of their admissions process but not fixed quotas. |
| Reverse Discrimination: | Claim that qualified white workers were kept from jobs. |
| Jesse Jackson: | Civil Rights leader who founded PUSH. |
| PUSH: | People United to Save Humanity. |
| Congressional Black Caucus: | Formed to represent specific legislative concerns of African Americans. |
| Declaration of Indian Movement: | Called for policies to create greater economic opportunities on reservations. |
| American Indian Movement: | A militant group against assimilation. |
| Indian Self Determination and Educational Assistance Act: | Increased federal funds for Native American education and expanded local control over federal programs. |
| Architectural Barriers Act: | Mandated that new buildings constructed with federal funds be accessible to disabled persons. |
| Rehabilitation Act Section 504: | Stated that no person with a disability shall be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or service or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. |
| Educational for All Handicapped Children Act: | Required that all students with disabilities receive a free, appropriate education. |
| Rachel Carson: | Environmentalist who wrote Silent Spring. |
| Earth Day: | April 1970; to focus on the country's environmental concerns. |
| Environmental Protection Agency: | Sets and enforces pollution standards, promotes research, and coordinates anti-pollution activities. |
| Clean Air Act: | Establishes emission standards for factories and automobiles. |
| Clean Water Act: | Restricted the discharge of pollutants into nations lakes and rivers. |
| Endangered Species Act: | Established measures for saving threatened animal species. |
| Fossil Fuels: | Coal, oil and natural gas. |
| Love Canal: | A community built on a toxic waste dump and caused serious health problems to the people who lived there. |
| Three Mile Island Incident: | Leak of radiation at the plant led many to doubt the safety of nuclear energy. |
| Ronald Reagon: | Became president in 1980. |
| General Beliefs of Liberals: | Increase government regulation of businesses, government help disadvantaged, tax wealthy, free speech and privacy. |
| General Beliefs of Conservatives: | Free enterprise, oppose high taxes and government programs that take wealth from rich and give to poor. |
| Conservatives believed that social problems can be solved through what? | Religious faith and private efforts. |
| Why did some Americans turn towards conservatism during the Cold War? | Because liberal ideas were leading the U.S. towards communism. |
| Sunbelt: | Industrial area of the south and west that developed after World War 2. |
| Proposition 13: | California's effort to reduce taxes. |
| Televangelists: | Christian evangelicals who used TV as a means for reaching audiences. |
| Moral Majority: | Referred to those who wanted a shift back to conservative values. |
| What was Ronald Reagan's job before being elected governor of California? | Actor |
| Monetarists: | Believed that too much money in circulation caused inflations and the solution was to raise interest rates. |
| Supply-Side Economics: | Believed that tax cuts would result in business expansion and new jobs. |
| Reaganomics: | Raising interest rates and lowering taxes. |
| Budget Deficit: | Amount by which expenditures exceeds income. |
| What did Reagan do to control the budget defict? | Cut social programs. |
| Sandra Day O' Connor: | First woman on the Supreme Court. |
| Walter Mondale: | Democratic candidate for President in 1984. |
| Geraldine Ferraro: | First woman to run for Vice President for a major party. |
| Reagan's Foreign Policy: | Following "Peace through Strength" idea(military buildup). |
| Reagan Doctrine: | Belief that the U.S. should use guerrilla troops to overthrow pro-Communist governments. |
| Sandinista: | Rebels who overthrew a pro-American dictator in Nicaragua. |
| Contras: | Anti-Sandinista guerrilla army armed by the U.S. |
| Iran-Contra Scandal: | Officials sold weaons to Iran to gain freedom for the American hostages there. |
| What did investigations into the Iran-Contra Scandal reveal about Reagan's involvement? | That he had approved the sale of arms to Iran but did not approve sending money to Contras. |
| Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars): | Called for the development of weapons that could intercept and destroy incoming missiles. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev: | The new leader of the Soviet Union in 1985. |
| Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty: | 1st treaty to call for the destruction of nuclear weapons, marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War. |
| Yuppies: | Young urban professionals. |
| Discount Retailing: | New type of retailing that sold large quantities of goods at very low prices. |
| "Just Say NO!" | Began by Nancy Reagan. |
| MADD: | Mother's Against Drunk Driving. |
| Stonewall Riot: | Marked the beginning of the gay activist movement. |
| George Bush: | Took office in 1988. |
| Perestrokia: | Gorbachev's plan for restructuring the Soviet Union's economy. |
| Glasnost: | Gorbachev's plan for openness which allowed more freedom of religion and speech. |
| Boris Yeltsin: | Russian President who outlawed the Communist party in Russia. |
| Tiananmen Square: | Pro-democracy demonstration violently crushed by the Chinese government forces. |
| Saddam Hussein: | Iraqi leader whoses invasion of Kuwait sparked the Persian Gulf War. |
| Why did the United Nations(and U.S.) go to war in the Persian Gulf? | Because Iraq invaded Kuwait. |
| Operation Desert Storm: | Air attack against Iraq followed by ground attack-Bush declared victory and Kuwait was liberated. |
| Downsizing: | Laying off workers and managers to become more efficient. |
| Capital Gains Tax: | Tax paid by businesses and investors when they sell stocks or real estate for a profit. |
| Grassroots Movement: | Groups of people organizing at the local level; put Ross Perot on the ballot in all 50 states. |
| Bill Clinton: | Became president in 1992. |
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