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Meningitis
Chapter 24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the blood-CSF barriers consist of? | Endothelium with fenestrations and thightly joined choroid plexus epithelial cells |
| How are microbes capable to traverse these barriers? | 1.growing accross, infecting the cell that comprise the barrier 2. passive transport in intracellular vacuoles 3. carried across by infected white blood cells. |
| What is the response to invading viruses in CSF? | This causes an increase in lymphocytes (mostly T cells), monocytes and slight increase in the CSF. |
| What is "aseptic" meningitis? | Condition that occurs when viruses invade the CSF and the CSF remains clear. |
| What is the response to invading pyogenic bacteria in the CSF? | This a causes a spectacular and rapid increase in polymorphonuclear cells and proteins. |
| What is "septic" meningitis? | Condition that occurs when pyogenic bacteria invade the CSF and the CSF becomes turbid. |
| Name the three most common bacteria species that cause bacterial meningitis. | Haemophilus Influenzae, Neisseria Meningitidis and Streptococcus Pneumoniae |
| What are the characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis and difference with gonorrhoea? | It is a Gram-negative diplococcus, non-spore forming, non-motile, encapsulated and aerobic. It has an additional polysaccharide capsule (antigenic). |
| What causes meningococcal meningitis and what is his host? | Neisseria Meningitidis and infects children and adolescents |
| Invasion of the meninges is rare, name 3 ways that still makes it possible? | 1. people with C5-C9 complement deficiency 2. young children who lost acquired antibodies from their mother. 3. adolescents who have not previously encountered the infecting serotype. |
| How is Neisseria meningitidis transmitted? | From person-to-person through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions, such as kissing, sneezing or coughing on someone and sharing eating or drinking utensils with infected person. |
| Name the 5 different serotypes of N. meningitidis and where they are most prevalent? | B,C,Y predominate in resource-rich countries A and W-135 are common in less developed regions |
| Are their vaccines available for N. Meningitidis? | Yes, but not for the B serotype |
| What are the treatment strategies for meningococcal meningitis? | Antibiotic therapy of penicillin or ampicillin is given. "Kissing-contacts" are given prophylaxis of ciprofloxacin. |
| What causes Haemophilus meningitis and what is his host? | It is caused by Haemophilus Influenzae type b and infect mostly children under 5 years of age. |
| What are the characteristics of H. Influenzae? | It is a Gram-negative coccobacillus, non-motile and aerobic |
| How many serotypes belong to H.Influenzae and how are they seperated? | Unencapsulated strains are common and present in the throat of healthy people. The capsulated type b is a commonly present in the respiratory tract. |
| Why are little children susceptible to Haemophilus meningitis? | Anticapsular antibodies are able to phagocytize the bacteria and kill it, but children do not produce them until age 2-3 |
| Is there prevention and vaccine available for H Meningitis? | An H.influenza type b (Hib) vaccine is suitable for children 2months of age and upwards. Kissing-contacts should take prophylaxis of Rifampicin. |
| What causes Pneumococcal meningitis and what is his host? | It is caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and infects mostly children <2 years and eldery |
| What increases the susceptibility to S. Pneumoniae infection? | Infection is associated with low levels of antibodies to capsular polysaccharides antigens. |
| What are the prevention strategies for S. Pneumoniae | Heptavalent protein conjugate pneumococcal vaccine for children from 2-23 months of age and for children 24-59 months at high risk. 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine is available for children older than 5 years of age. |
| What causes Listeria monocytogenes meningitis and what is the host? | It is caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an important cause of meningitis in immunocompromised adults (renal transport and cancer patients) |
| What causes Neonatal meningitis? | It is caused by a wide range of bacteria but most frequently by Group B Haemolytic Streptococci (GBS) and E.coli. |
| How to babies get neonatal meningitis? | They can get it via hospital-acquired infections or from an infected mother (vaginal transmission and swallowing of maternal secretions) |
Created by:
Beantha
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