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Patho Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is NEOPLASIA? | New Growth (both good and bad) |
| What is a NEOPLASM? | SOLID new growth |
| What is a TUMOR? | Undefined Solid Mass |
| What is ONCOLOGY? | The Study of Masses |
| What is a BENIGN NEOPLASM? | Solid new growth that can NOT invade |
| What is a MALIGNANT NEOPLASM/CANCER? | Solid new growth with capability of invasion |
| What is Differentiation? | degree of resemblance of a tissue to the tissue of origin. |
| what are the 3 types of differentiation? | Well Differentiated neoplasm Poorly Differentiated neoplasm Undifferentiated/Anaplastic neoplasm |
| What is a Well-Differentiated Neoplasm? | specialized cells, resembles tissue of origin, Generally BENIGN |
| What is a Poorly-Differentiated Neoplasm? | Does not resemble tissue of origin, Tend to be MALIGNANT |
| What is an example of an Undifferentiated/Anaplastic Neoplasm? | Stem Cells |
| What are the clinical implications of a patient with a Well-differentiated Neoplasm? | Patient is more likely to survive for a longer period of time or may be completely cured with treatment |
| What are the clinical implications of a patient with an Anaplastic Neoplasm? | Patient is more likely to experience a lower survival rate and/or increased risk of mortality. |
| Characteristics of ANAPLASIA? | cellular pleomorphism and/or tumor giant cells, hyperchromatism of nuclei, prominent nucleolus, frequency of mitoses, presence of giant and bizarre appearing nuclei(nuclear pleomorphism), disorientation of cells/loss of architecture, metastasis |
| What are the two components of all Neoplasms? | Parenchyma and supportive stroma |
| What is the Parenchyma? | the proliferating neoplastic cells (by which the tumor is named) |
| What is the Supportive Stroma? | fibrous connective tissue and blood vessels |
| What if the stroma is minimal,how will the neoplasm present? | Soft and fleshy. Example = Breast cancer |
| What if the stroma is in abundance, how will the neoplasm present? | dense and hard. Also Known As DESMOPLASIA |
| What are the types of tissues that "normally" proliferate under "normal" conditions? | Epithelial Linings, Glandular Linings, skin, ovary and testis, bone marrow, myoblasts, feta tissues, organ hypertrophy, wound healing |
| What are Epithelial Linings that "normally" proliferate under "normal" conditions? | Respiratory Epithelium, Gastro-Intestinal Lining, Genito-Urinary Lining |
| What are Glandular Linings that "normally" proliferate under "normal" conditions? | Mammary Gland |
| What are the 2 types of neoplasias of EPITHELIAL ORIGIN? | Non-Glandular and Glandular |
| What is a Benign Non-glandular Neoplasia of Epithelial Origin? | Epithelioma and Papilloma |
| What is a Malignant Non-glandular Neoplasia of Epithelial Origin? | Carcinoma |
| What is a Benign Glandular Neoplasia of Epithelial Origin? | Adenoma |
| What is a Malignant Glandular Neoplasia of Epithelial Origin? | Adenocarcinoma |
| What are the types of neoplasias of MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN? | fibrous tissue, fat, vascular tissue, smooth muscle, striated muscle, bone, cartilage |
| What is a Benign neoplasia from fibrous tissue of Mesenchymal origin? | FibrOMA |
| What is a Benign neoplasia from Fat of Mesenchymal Origin? | LipOMA |
| What is a benign neoplasia from Vascular Tissue of Mesenchymal origin? | AngiOMA |
| What is a Benign neoplasia from Smooth Muscle of Mesenchymal origin? | LeiomyOMA |
| What is a Benign neoplasia from Striated Muscle of Mesechymal Origin? | RhabdomyOMA |
| What is a Benign neoplasia from Bone of Mesenchymal Origin? | OsteOMA |
| What is a Benign neoplasia from Cartilage of Mesenchymal Origin? | ChondrOMA |
| What is a Malignant neoplasia from Fibrous Tissue of Mesenchymal Origin? | FibroSARCOMA |
| What is a Malignant neoplasia from Fat of Mesenchymal Origin? | LipoSARCOMA |
| What is a Malignant neoplasia from VAscular Tissue of Mesenchymal Origin? | AngioSARCOMA |
| What is a Malignant neoplasia from Smooth Muscle of Mesenchymal Origin? | LeiomyoSARCOMA |
| What is a Malignant neoplasia from Striated Muscle of Mesenchymal Origin? | RhabdomyoSARCOMA |
| What is a Malignant neoplasia from Bone of Mesenchymal Origin? | OsteoSARCOMA |
| What is a Malignant neoplasia from Cartilage of Mesenchymal Origin? | ChondroSARCOMA |
| What are the Tissue's of Origin for Hematopoietic and Immune System Neoplasms? | Lymphoid Tissue, Lymphocytes, Thymus, Granulocytes, Plasma Cells, Erythrocytes |
| What is a Benign neoplasm of Lymphoid Tissue? | Infectious Mononucleosis |
| What is a Benign neoplasm of Lymphocytes? | Lymphoproliferative diseases |
| What is a Benign neoplasm of the Thymus? | Thymoma |
| What is a Benign neoplasm of Granulocytes? | Granulocytosis |
| What is a Benign neoplasm of Erythrocytes? | Polycythemia Vera |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm of Lymphoid Tissue? | Lymphoma |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm of Lymphocytes? | Lymphocytic Leukemia |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm of the Thymus? | Thymoma |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm of Granulocytes? | Myelogenous Leukemia (Granulocytic Leukemia) |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm of Plasma Cells? | Multiple Myeloma |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm of Erythrocytes? | Erythroleukemia |
| What are the Tissue's of Origin for Nervous System Neoplasms? | Brain Glial Cells, Meninges, Neurons, Adrenal Medulla, Retina |
| What is a Benign neoplasm for Brain Glial Cells? | Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma |
| What is a Benign neoplasm for Meninges? | Meningioma |
| What is a Benign neoplasm for Neurons? | Ganglioneuroma |
| What is a Benign neoplasm for the Adrenal Medulla? | Pheochromocytoma |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm for the Brain Glial Cells? | Gliobastoma Multiforme |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm for Meninges? | Meningeal Sarcoma |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm for Neurons? | Neuroblastoma |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm for the Adrenal Medulla? | Pheochromocytoma |
| What is a Malignant neoplasm for the Retina? | Retinoblastoma |
| What is Melanoma? Is it Malignant or Benign? | It is a Malignancy of Melanocytes in Skin. It is ALWAYS MALIGNANT |
| What is Seminoma? Is it Malignant or Benign? | It is Testicular Cancer. It is MALIGNANT. |
| Where does Lymphoma arise from? Is it Malignant or Benign? | Arises from Lymph Nodes. It is ALWAYS MALIGNANT. |
| Where does a Dermoid Cyst/Teratoma originate from? Is it Malignant or Benign? | It is a tumor of mixed genetic origin. If it is Mature, it is Benign. If it is Immature, it is Malignant. |
| What is Leukemia? Is it Malignant or Benign? | It is a Malignancy of Bone Marrow. It is ALWAYS MALIGNANT. |
| What are the Characteristics of a BENIGN NEOPLASM? | Generally Encapsulated, Non-invasive, Well differentiation, Few mitotic figures, flow growth or no net, little anaplasia, non-metastatic |
| What are the Characteristics of a MALIGNANT NEOPLASM? | non-encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated, mitotic figures common, can have rapid growth, relatively anaplastic, metastatic |
| What is INVASION? | the infiltration and destruction of surrounding(local) tissue by a neoplasm. |
| Why are Benign neoplasms Non-Invasive? | Because they are Encapsulated. The Encapsulation tends to contain the benign neoplasm as a discrete and easily movable mass. |
| What is Metastasis? | the invasive nature of neoplasms which allows them to penetrate into blood vessels, lymphatics, and body cavities, thus providing the opportunity for SPREAD OF THE NEOPLASM TO A DISTANT ANATOMICAL TERRITORY |
| Is Metastasis associated with a Malignant or Benign neoplasm? | MALIGNANT! benign neoplasms do not metastasize |
| What does the presence of Metastatic Spread say about the Patients chances of Cure? | Metastasis strongly reduces the possibility of cure |
| What is the strongest predictor of Survivability? | METASTASIS |
| What are the Pathways of Metastatic Spread? | Direct Seeding, Lymphatic Spread, Hematogenous Spread |
| What will be seen on an examination of tissue associated with Neoplastic Disease? | Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Tumor Giant cells |
| What is the sequence of events, in regards to tissue changes, in the evolution of a neoplasia of epithelial cell origin? | Hyperplasia --> Dysplasia --> Carcinoma in Situ --> Malignant Neoplasia |
| What are the Local Effects associated with Benign and Malignant Neoplasias? (What is seen clinically) | Swelling, Irritation, Blood vessel damage (ulcerations, hemorrhage, hematuria, melena, thrombosis, necrosis, secondary infections), visceral damage, compromised organ function |
| What is meant by Indigenous? | hormone that is NATIVE to the tissue of origin (Ex. Pancreatic neoplasm secretes insulin) |
| What are the Systemic Effects associated with Benign Neoplasms? | indigenous hormone secretion |
| What is meant by Ectopic? | hormone that is not normally produced by that tissue. (Ex. lung neoplasm secretes ACTH) |
| What are the systemic effects associated with Malignant neoplasms? | Indigenous or Ectopic hormone production. |
| What is a Paraneoplastic Syndrome? | Symptoms that "mask" the underlying neoplasm. (Ex. Cushing's like pathology) |
| What is Cachexia? | It is MALIGNANT! Involves the loss of fat and muscle. It is a Protein Mobilizing Factor. |
| What happen at the cellular level of Cachexia? | TNF (cytokine), released by macrophages, increases muscle protein breakdown and decreases fat storage. |
| What mechanisms might create a hypercalcemic state? | primary bone neoplasm, metastasis to bone, and PTH-secreting tumore |
| What are types of Paraneoplastic Syndromes? | Endocrinopathies, Neuromyopathic, Vascular Disorders |
| What is an Endocrinopathie? | --> Cushing's Syndrome = ACTH production by Lung Carcinoma --> Hypercalcemia = Parathyroid hormone production by Lung Carcinoma |
| What is a Neuromyopathic (myasthenic syndrome)? | --> lung carcinoma tumor ellicits antibody formation --> antibodies tumor cells "cross-react" with neuronal endings |
| What are Vascular Disorders? | Thrombosis as a result of increased synthesis of coagulation proteins induced by malignant cells |
| An individual will develop cancer on the foundation of what? | Their GENETICS! (only those non-repaired genes that control cell-growth, division, and differentiation will give rise to neoplasia) |
| What are some examples of DNA Mutations? | DNA point mutation, Chromosomal translocation, gene amplification |
| What is a DNA Point Mutation? | A Base Pair Mismatch |
| What is Chromosomal translocation? | part of telomere of chromosome interacts with a completely different chromosome. (Ex. Chromosome 9 interacting with chromosome 21) |
| What is Gene Amplification? | It is amplification of a particular gene. (results in over-expression of that gene) |
Created by:
gvanderbrook
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