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Comparative Politics
Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Legislative bodies - composition | Speaker (Board) Steering Committee Committees Party Groups |
| Parliaments & foreign policy | International treaties Defense policy Parliamentary diplomacy |
| American tradition of Coalition Theory | games theory (rational choice) office seeking zero-sum game minimal winning coalitions |
| minimal winning coalitions | maximizing the share of power, minimizing the costs coalition with a majority in legislative body offering the largest possible share of power to all its members |
| European tradition of Coalition Theory | policy seeking ideological distance minimal winning coalitions vs. “deviant” cases |
| “deviant” cases | minority governments (executive vs. legislative coalitions viable vs. effective cabinets ) surplus majority governments (“grand coalitions”) |
| Types of Minimal winning coalitions | minimum size coalition (1) with the minimal number of parties (bargaining proposition) (2) minimal range coalition (3) minimal connected winning coalition (4) |
| Maurice Duverger (Party Systems) | number of parties one-party, two-party, multiparty systems |
| Jean Blondel (Party Systems) | number and relative (electoral) strength two-and-a-half-party system |
| Giovanni Sartori (Party Systems) | number and ideological distance |
| Non-Competitive Systems (Typology of G. Sartori) | single-party system hegemonic-party system |
| Competitive Systems (Typology of G. Sartori) | predominant-party system two-party system (bipartism) limited (moderate) pluralism extreme (polarized) pluralism atomised pluralismus |
| Political party: definition | permanent organizational structure local organizations and central leadership ideological orientation and/or presentation of a determinate program existence of basic political goal |
| interest group | political parties try to gain the power, while interest groupst just want to influcence it (Duverger) |
| Political party: definition (Sartori) | Any political group that presents at elections, and is capable of placing through elections, candidates for public office |
| For long-term functioning, parties need to | have a stable link to a “hard core” of voters have a solid basis of membership have a well-marked ideological and political identity |
| Origin of poitical parties, Maurice Duverger | internally-generated: within parliament (conservatives, liberals) externally-generated: outside parliament (socialists) the origin affects the organizational structure and strategy of campaign |
| Origin of political parties Stein Rokkan | cleavages national revolution: centre vs. periphery state vs. church industrial revolution: urban vs. rural owner vs. worker |
| New cleavages | materialism vs. post-materialism european integration (?) Central and Eastern Europe - transformation cleavages (socio-economic, nationalist), communism vs. anti-communism… |
| Party families | Criteria for typology origin of parties ideological and political profile membership in supranational organizations |
| Political parties: organizational types Duverger | Cadre Party, Mass Party |
| Political parties: organizational types Kirchheimer | Party of individual representation, Party of mass integration, Catch-all party |
| Political parties: organizational types Panebianco | Mass burocratic party, Electoral- professional party |
| Political parties: organizational types Katz & Mair | Elite party, Mass party, Catch-all party, Cartel party |
| Electoral systems, functions, input/ouput | transform voters’ preferences (input) into seats in elected body (output) |
| Electoral systems, functions, proportionality | provide important segments of society with an adequate representation (proportionality) |
| Electoral systems, functions, effectiveness | enable effective government (effectiveness) |
| Electoral systems, functions, personalization | create a link between voter and elected representative (personalisation) |
| Duverger’s „law“ | Plurality rule election system tends to favor a two-party system |
| Effects of Electoral Systems | mechanic – recounting votes into mandates psychological – reaction of actors (voters and candidates) on the mechanic effect of the system |
| Plurality system / “First-past-the-post” | single-member constituency strong psychological effect can be extremely disproportional high number of “wasted” votes |
| Majority systems | Two-round system Alternative vote |
| Proportional representation (PR) | influenced by electoral threshold district magnitude structure of candidate lists mathematical method |
| Parliamentary | ○ Most European systems ○ UK ○ Parliament is directly elected ○ PM & cabinet are elected by parliament ○ There is a monarch, or parl elects pres Pres or monarch can take pressure off PM |
| Semi-Parliamentary | ○ France, Slovakia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland ○ Directly elected parl and pres ○ PM and cabinet derived from parl ○ Weak pres - Slovakia ○ Pres strong on foreign policy - France (cohabitation) |
| Suprapresidentialism | ○ Russia ○ Strong pres and weak parl ○ No checks and balances |
| Presidential | ○ US ○ Not recommended for new democracies ○ Pres has all exec power ○ Directly elected (not entirely in US) ○ Legislative body also directly elected Exec and legislative branches are autonomous |
| Majoritarian | Plurality systems One party cabinet One chamber parliament Unitary state Flexible constitution |
| Consensus | Proportional systems Coalition cabinet Two chamber parliament Federation Rigid constitution |
| Electoral System Trade-Offs | Proportionality, Effectiveness, Personalization |
Created by:
leechtn
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