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Chapter 4 Terms
Pages 63, 70, and 74
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Core | The Earth's center, where both temperatures and pressures are very high. |
| Mantle | The zone that is mostly mad up of iron and nickel. |
| Magma | Liquid rock within the Earth. |
| Plate Tectonics | Are rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle. |
| Continental Drift | Plates that slowly move across the upper mantle, usually less than an inch per year. |
| Rift Valleys | A few spreading plate boundaries that lie under the continents. |
| Abyssal Plains | The world's flattest and smoothest regions. |
| Continental Shelves | The continental surface extends under the shallow ocean water around the continents. |
| Trench | A plate boundary called the subduction zone, and the deep valley marking the plate collision. |
| Folds | Are places where rocks have been compressed into bends. |
| Faults | Are places where rock masses have broken apart and moved away from each other. |
| Weathering | Rocks that break and decay over time. |
| Sediment | Weathering that breaks down rock into smaller particles of gravel, sand, and mud. |
| Erosion | The movement of surface material from one location to another. |
| Glaciers | Are thick masses of ice. |
| Plateau | An elevated flatland that rises sharply above nearby land on at least one side. |
| Alluvial Fan | A fan-shaped deposit of mud and gravel often found along the bases of mountains. |
| Delta | Sediment that may move out into the ocean ans sink, or the sediment may accumulate. |
| Desalinization | Can remove the salt in ocean water. |
| Hydrologic Cycle | The movement of water through the hydrosphere. |
| Headwaters | The first and smallest streams from a runoff. |
| Tributary | Any smaller stream or river that flows into a larger stream or river. |
| Watershed | The whole region drained by a river and its tributaries. |
| Drainage Basin | The whole region drained by a river and its tributaries. |
| Estuaries | Surface water is also found in these. |
| Wetlands | Any landscape that is covered with water for at least part of the year. |
| Groundwater | Water found below the ground. |
| Water Table | The level at which all the spaces are filled with water. |
| Humus | Near the surface, bacteria, insects, and worms break down the plant and animal material into a mixture. |
| Leaching | Eventually moves the nutrients out of the reach of plants' roots. |
| Contour Plowing | Works across the hill, rather than up and down the hill. |
| Soil Exhaustion | A condition in which the soil becomes nearly useless for farming. |
| Crop Rotation | Gives a field time to replace naturally the nutrients used by each different crop. |
| Irrigation | Many dry regions can support farming if water is artificially supplied to the land. |
| Soil Salinization | Irrigation can lead up to this or salt buildup in the soil. |
| Deforestation | The destruction or loss of forests. |
| Reforestation | A re-planting process. |
| Acid Rain | Can damage trees and kill fish in lakes. |
| Aqueducts | Artificial channels for transporting water. |
| Aquifers | Wells are drilled into the ground, and pumps bring the water to the surface. |
| Fossil Water | Not being replenished by rain. |
| Petrochemicals | Include the raw materials for many explosives, food additives, medicines, pesticides, and plastics. |
| Hydroelectric Power | Electricity produced by moving water. |
| Geothermal Energy | The heat of the Earth's interior, but also can be used to generate electricity. |
Created by:
lexijohnson
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