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GOVT 2305 Review 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Affirmative Action | government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by marking special efforts to provide members of those groups with access to educational and employment opportunities. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | Adopted by congress 7 years after the ratification of the bill of rights 1791, which made it a crime to say or publish anything that might tend to defame or bring into disrepute the government of the United States |
| Answer | Legal righto respond to the court when someone files a complaint on you |
| Black Codes | Notorious laws passed by southern states in 1865-1866 after the civil war had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans freedom and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt |
| Capital Case | Legal case in which a defendant is accused of committing a capital offense and potentially eligible for capital punishment- death penalty |
| Civil Liberties | Areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering |
| Civil Rights | Obligation imposed on government to take positive actions to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens |
| Complaint | The pleading that initiates a civil action in criminal law, the document that sets forth the basis upon which a person is to be charged with an offense; presentation by the plantiff |
| Debt | An obligation owed by one party (the debtor) to a second party (the creditor), when a creditor agrees to lend a sum of assets debtor |
| Deficit | The total amount the government owes its creditors |
| Discrimination | The use of any unreasonable and unjust criterion of exclusion |
| Equal Protection Clause | Provision of the 14th Amendment guaranteeing citizens "the equal protection of the laws" this clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women and other groups |
| Equal Rights Amendment | Proposed amendment guaranteed equality under the law for women and made gender discrimination illegal, ERA was ratified by 35 states falling short 3 state votes |
| Establishment Clause | The 1st amendment clause that says that "congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." This law means that a "wall of separation" exists between church and state |
| Executive Privilege | The claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president |
| Felony | The most serious form of crime in the U.S. which maybe punished by a year or more in prison or by death |
| Fighting words | Speech that directly incites damaging conduct |
| Filibuster | A tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent actions on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority back down. Once given the floor senators have unlimited time to speak and it requires a ote of 3/5's of |
| Freedom of Information Act (1966) | Allows any person to request classified info from any federal agency often revealing unflattering or unsuccessful aspects of national security activities |
| Government Corporation | Government agency that performs a service normally provided by the private sector |
| Grandfather Clause | A portion of a statue that provides that the law is not applicable in certain circumstances due to preexisting facts |
| Grand Jury | Jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial; grand juries do not rule on the accused's guilty or innocence |
| Hate Speech | Forms of expression designed to assert hatred toward one or another group, be they African Americans, Jews, Muslims or others |
| Indictment | A formal accusation initiating a criminal case, presented by a grand jury and usually required for felonies and other serious crimes; any charge, accusation, serious criticism, or cause for blame |
| Libel | A written statement made in "reckless disregard or the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because It is "malicious, scandalous and defamatory" |
| Mandate | A command or authorization from a superior court or official to a lower one to act a particular way on a public issue |
| Plaintiff | The individual or organization that brings a complaint in court |
| Plea Bargain | A negotiated agreement in a criminal case in a defendant agrees to plead guilty in return for the sates agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing |
| Political Correctness | Declaration that particular ideas, expressions and behavior which were then legal, should be forbidden by law and people who transgressed should be punished |
| Precedent | Prior cause whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decisions in a present case |
| Prior Restraint | An effort by a governmental agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way censorship. In the U.S., the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances |
| Slander | An oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to the victim because it is "malicious, scandalous and defamatory" |
| Solicitor general | The top government lawyer in all cases before the supreme court where the government is a party |
| Speech Zones | Areas set aside in public place for political activists to exercise their right of free speech in the U.S. |
| Suffrage Movement | Formally launched in 1878 with the introduction of a proposed constitutional amendment in Congress |
| Symbolic Speech | Applied to a wide range of nonverbal communication. Many political activities including marching, wearing armbands and displaying or mutilating the U.S. flag are considered forms of symbolic expression |
| Title IX | 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages; forbade gender discrimination in education, but it initially sparked little litigation because of its weak enforcement provisions |
| Veto | the presidents constitutional power to turn down acts of Congress. A presidential veto may be overridden by 2/3's vote of each House of Congress |
Created by:
mkharris90
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