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Sociology Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of the processes and phenomena of aging. | gerontology |
| Is their research indicating that most elderly people retain their intellectual abilities throughout life? | Yes researchers now believe most elderly people retain their intellectual abilities throughout life |
| The bridge between adolescence and adulthood, leaving home and full-time work for the first time is associated with which transition period? | early adult transition |
| Women develop a commitment to their careers while their husbands are doubting their own careers during this phase of female development. | Phase III |
| Females struggle with dual roles of work and family in this phase of female development. | Phase II |
| True or False? Research indicates that work-role loss affects a much smaller number of retired people than generally is assumed. | True |
| What is the major difference between men and women when they are entering adulthood? | For many women, the emphasis is less on career and more on marriage. |
| What are the 5 periods of adulthood according to Levinson? | The early adult transition, entering the adult world, the age 30 transition, the settling down period, and the midlife transition. |
| Striving, ambitious people who keep a tight control over their anxieties and impulses are called | armored personalities |
| The percentage of the civilian labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment. | unemployment rate |
| The combination of statuses, roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs, and life circumstances that characterize an individual. | life structure |
| A crime committed by individuals of high status in the course of their professional lives. | white-collar crime |
| Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government is called a | crime |
| The practice that assumes that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans. the practice that ssures that nowhite Americans are more likely to cmmit crimes than white American | racial profiling |
| A crime that supposedly harms no one but the person committing the act is called a | victimless crime |
| A mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society | stigma |
| A large scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence. | crime syndicate |
| The explanation of deviance as a learned behavior. | cultural transmission theory |
| Nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority is called | primary deviance |
| the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable is referred to as | anomie |
| Who developed the concepts of culturally approved goals and the legitimate means of achieving these goals? | Robert K. Merton |
| Behavior that violates a social norm is called | deviant |
| Which strain theory mode of adaptation is not a deviant response? | conformity |
| What do conflict theorists believe? | They believe that competition and social inequality lead to deviance. |
| What is the labeling theory? | That all people commit deviant acts during their lives. |
| Why is the age 30 transition a diffcult period? | People are trying to make a place for themselves in the adult world, shift in the direction for future developments, and divorces are common. |
| What are the functions of sanctions? | retribution, rehabilitation, and deterrence |
| Who suggested that conformity is the result of self-control? | Travis Hirshi and Michael Gottfredson |
| True or False? The interactionist perspective looks at how the interaction between individuals influences deviance. | True |
| Why is plea-bargaining helpful? | it allows courts to reduce their already huge caseloads |
| What is differential association? | The frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and non-deviant individuals. |
| The Rules of Sociological Method suggest that deviance is useful because | it helps clary norms, unify a group, diffuse tension and promote social change |
| What are some of the differences between the juvenile justice system and the adult justice system? | In the juvenile system offenders are younger than age 18, the laws are less specific, more services are provided to juveniles |
| What are the four sanctions used to punish criminals in the U.S.? | retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection |
| What is retribution? | punishment serves as an act of revenge for the victim and society. |
| What is deterrence? | corrections intended to discourage the individual and society from committing future crimes. |
| What is rehabilitation? | places to reform criminals so they can return to society as law-abiding citizens. |
| What is social protection? | this limits the freedom of the offenders, thereby protecting society from the offender committing further acts. |
| What did Daniel Levinson determine about men and women in the stages of adult development? | They go through the same stages. However they differ in terms of their social roles and identities and deal with developmental tasks in each stage differently. |
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vderoner
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