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American History
Semester 2 Vocabulary
| Name | definition |
|---|---|
| Joseph Stalin | communist dictator of USSR, ally during WWII, one of BIG THREE |
| Benito Mussolini | creator of fascism, dictator of Italy during WWII, member of Axis alliance |
| Fascism | political philosophy placing state over individual, relied on strong leader (dictator) to govern |
| Adolf Hitler | fascist dictator of Germany, creator of Nazism |
| Nazism | German brand of fascism, marked by racism and imperialism |
| Nuremberg Laws | anit-Jewish laws stripping Jews of citizenship and basic rights |
| Neutrality Acts | laws passed by Congress in the '30s to keep US out of the war in Europe |
| Totalitarianism | political philosophy that calls for gov't having complete control over citizens |
| Neville Chamberlain | prime minister of Great Britain, gave into Hitler at Munich over Czechoslovakia |
| Winston Churchill | prime minister of Great Britain after Chamberlain, P.M. during WWII, member of the BIG THREE |
| Appeasement | giving in to an aggressor to keep the peace |
| Nonaggression Pact | treat between USSR and Germany promising peace and partition Poland, Hitler broke this later |
| Poland | country whose invasion sparked WWII, home of death camps during Holocaust |
| Blitzkrieg | “lightning war” strategy by Germans, massive surprise attack by planes, tanks, etc. –used against Poland, Netherlands, and France |
| Holocaust | genocide of 11 million (6 million Jews) by Nazis during WWII |
| SS | Hitler’s personal bodyguard later expanded and placed in control of concentration/death camps |
| Auschwitz | largest death camp in Polan, like all other death camps, it was located in Poland |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan, during WWII; losers!!! |
| Allies | Great Britain, USSR, US, and France; winners!!! |
| Lend-Lease act | law that got around netrality act by "lending/renting" cash and carry when allies ran out of $$$ |
| Atlantic Charter | FDR and Churchill joint declared goals for Europe after US enters war |
| Hideki Tojo | leader of Japanese militarists during WWII, member of Axis Powers with Hitler, and Mussolini |
| Pearl Harbor | US base in Hawaii where Japanese attacked on December 7, 1941 sparking US entry into WWII |
| Office of Price Administration | (OPA) government agency that set prices during WWII to stop inflation |
| WAAC | Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps- female volunteers during WWII replacing men in noncombat areas, started by Army Chief of Staff GEORGGE MARSHALL |
| War Productions Board | federal agency coordinated efforts in industry to make sure US military had goods it needed, also in charge of rationing program |
| Rationing | deliberately reducing civilian consumption of vital materials for war effort (wheatless, sweetless, meatless) |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | CDR of Allied forces on Europe during WWII, in charge of D-Day later republican president after Truman, CW policy of brinkmanship with USSR; Ike doctrine; sends US troops to Little Rock to integrate Central High |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944, massive invasion of Europe at Normandy(North France) to open second front against Nazis |
| George Patton | US Army General; liberated Paris |
| France | ally during WWII member of NATO, taken by Germany and had puppet government installed at Vichy; controlled Indochina until Diem Bien Phu in ‘56 |
| Battle of the Atlantic | naval battle during WWII German U-boats were defeated by sonar, radar, and convoys |
| Battle of Stalingrad | turning point battle of east, 1st place Germany was defeated in east and now on defensive |
| Battle of El Alamein | - turning point battle in south (North Africa) allowed Allies to jump from Africa to European continent in Italy |
| Harry S. Truman | president after FDR, president who dropped atomic bombs on Japan, Truman Doctrine against communism |
| Battle of the Bulge | turning point battle in Belgium, last ditch effort by Germans against US, afterward US was able to enter Germany |
| VE Day | day when Germany surrendered unconditionally to Allies- war in Europe over; Allies focused on Japan |
| Douglas McArthur | US general in Philippines during WWII CDR during K. War fired by Truman after he called for nukes against China, rebuilt Japan after WWII |
| Battle of Midway | turning point battle in Pacific, naval battle by airplanes, after this Japan on defensive in Pacific |
| Island hopping | military strategy of US to defeat Japan by capturing important islands on way to Japan |
| Chester Nimitz | - Admiral in charge of Pacific fleet; defeated Yamato and Midway |
| Kamikaze | - suicide airplane pilots of Japan during WWII (@end!!) 1st used Leyte Gulf in Philippines |
| Manhattan Project | - US top secret program to develop an atomic bomb |
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki | - 2 Japanese cities where we dropped atomic bombs resulting in Japanese surrender |
| Yalta Conference | - meeting b/t BIG THREE to determine post-war Europe (division of Germany and future and E. Europe states) |
| United Nations | - International body dedicated to world peace, created after WWII; replaced League of Nations |
| Nuremberg Trials | - UN trials against Nazi War criminals (Nazi ideology comes full circle) |
| GI Bill of Rights | - law passed providing education and business loans to WWII vets- allowed vets to go to college instead of flooding workforce (causing recession) |
| Satellite nation/buffer state | - E. European nations under control of USSR, protecting USSR from W. invasion (Poland, Czech, Albania, Bulgaria, E. Germany) |
| Cold War | - state of high tension b/t US and USSR, proxy wars used instead of direct conflict to avoid WWII (Korean W. Vietnam W. Cuba, Berlin) |
| Truman Doctrine | - foreign policy aimed at stop communism- summed in 2 ways- containment and Marshall Plan, stopping comm. anywhere, anytime. |
| Containment | - stop USSR aggression by providing equal, but opposite counter pressure when they try to expand- Korea, Berlin |
| Marshall Plan | - Econ aid to anyone in Europe, to rebuild after WWII, W. Europe countries got it, E. Europe weren’t allowed by USSR |
| NATO | - North Atlantic Treaty Org. anti communist military alliance of W. Europe and N. American countries (US, Canada, France, G.B. Turkey, Italy, Greece) |
| Mao Zedong | - Chinese communist leader beloved by Chinese peasants, took control of ‘49 |
| Chiang Kai-shek | - Nationalist Chinese leader, hated because of corrupt fled to Taiwan and started new government US supported him |
| Taiwan | - island off coast of China where Chiang set up Republican government |
| 38th parallel | - UN determined partition point for N. Korea and S. Korea |
| Korea | - peninsula next to Japan islands, site of war b/t comm.. and democrats from ’50-‘53 |
| HUAC | - fed committee looking for comms. in entertaining industry (Hollywood) |
| Hollywood 10 | - group of directors, producers, and actors who refused to testify to congress about other comms. in Hollywood- jailed then blacklisted from working |
| Blacklist | - list of “un-hire-ablest” due to committees created by movie studio heads during ‘50s |
| Alger Hiss | - suspected spy for USSR in State Dept. convicted of perjury (lying under oath) claimed innocent till his death |
| the Rosenbergs | - hubby and wife spy team, convicted of selling atomic secrets to USSR; executed. |
| Sen. Joseph McCarthy | - crazy, anti-comm. senator who segregated thousands during Red Scare |
| McCarthyism | - accusing innocent people f being communist-ended Joe’s career |
| H-bomb | - 50s era bomb, 1000x bigger than WWII a-bomb |
| John F. Dulles | - Secretary of State under Eisenhower, developed massive retaliation policy in dealing with the USSR |
| Brinkmanship/Massive retaliation- | Ike’s foreign policy, bombs and containment up a notch |
| CIA | - federal agency in charge of spying for the US, sponsor coup d’état in Guatemala and Iran, and attempted in Cuba |
| Warsaw Pact | - Communist alliance of E. Europe nations, communist equivalent of NATO |
| Nikita Khrushchev | - USSR leader after Stalin during CW- built the Berlin Wall and put missiles in Cuba, believe in JFK |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | - extension of Truman Doctrine, focusing on Middle East(Egypt, Iran) |
| Suburb | - surrounding big cities which saw huge growth as white middle class Ams. left cities during 50s-60s |
| Dixiecrats | - southern democrats who fought integration, split democratic party and caused Ike’s Repub. to win white House |
| Fair Deal | - Truman’s domestic policy national health insurance, form relief |
| Dr. Jonas Salk | - developed polio vaccine distributed for Am. children in the 50s |
| Planned obsolescence | - industrial concept to increase sales by designing products to wear out fast, and be outlawed by newer and better models |
| k n roll | Am. style of music, blues, jazz, and traditional African beats, becomes famous in 50s with Chuck Berry, Lil Richard, Elvis |
| white flight | - white exodus from cities to suburbs during 50s- cities decay as tax revenue is lost |
| Termination policy | - US policy to break up reservations and push Native Americans to assimilate into American culture |
| Urban Renewal | - policy to rejuvenate cities after 50s white flight, est. HUD, tear down old buildings and replace with low income housing eventually turning into “projects” re-ghetto-ize inner cities |
| John F. Kennedy | - President after Eisenhower, pres. during the Bay of Pigs, Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis, developed peace corps, civil rights bill of 1963, got assassinated |
| Flexible response | - JFKs alternative to massive retaliation/brinkmanship build military back up. (creates elite military groups SEALS, and Green Brays) |
| Fidel Castro | - dictator of Cuba at end of 50s to 2008; allowed Soviet missiles into Cuba attempted assassination by CIA. |
| Berlin Wall | - separates E&W Berlin, built by Khrushchev to keep E Berliners from escaping-tore down in ‘89 |
| Bay of Pigs | - attempted invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles with CIA training; embarrassment to JFK administration |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | - Soviet placement of missiles on land 90 miles off our coast naval blockade stopped more from coming and we promised not to invade Cuba again and take our nukes out of Turkey |
| mandate | - support of a presidential candidates ideas- by winning election by big majority JFK didn’t have one, but LBJ did |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | - president after JFK; Great Society programs to combat poverty, escalated war in Vietnam; 1st to send COMBAT troops in via Tonkin Gulf resolution; opportunity for reelection ended b/c of Vietnam opposition |
| Great Society | - LBJ’s domestic policy, combat poverty, improve civil rights-ultimately tried to level playing field for all Ams. ended up losing $ b/c of V. W. escalation (Head Start, ESEA, H2O and Air Quality, Medicare, Medicaid) |
| Warren Court | - Supreme Court when it was headed by court justice Earl Warren- liberal ideas, extended civil rights and rights of accused (Miranda v AZ, Escobedo v It., Gideon v Wainwright, Brown v Board of Education, Baker v Carr) |
| OEO | - office of economic opportunity, great society agency to oversee social programs/Head Start, VISTA, Job Corps |
| Miranda v AZ | - South Carolina case established accused rights after arrest |
| Medicaid | - Great Society program giving health insurance to the poor |
| Medicare | - Great Society program giving health insurance to the elderly |
| Thurgood Marshall | - NAACP lawyer from Brown v Board of Education; later was the 1st African American Supreme Court Justice |
| Brown v Board of Education | - Warren Court case that ended segregation in schools- 1954 “separate but equal” was unfair |
| Little Rock, AR | - site of school desegregation at Central High, Gov. Orval Faubus blocked school with National Guard while Ike sent 101st Airborne to force integration of Little Rock 9 |
| Birmingham | - site of multiple civil rights protests and riots- church bombing, fire hoses and dogs, in AL |
| SCLC | - Southern Christian leadership conference started by MLK, nonviolent civil disobedience to achieve equality |
| Dr. Martin Luther King Jr | . civil rights leader advocating nonviolent c.d. started SCLC headed Montgomery bus boycott, spoke at March on Washington, assassinated by James Earl Ray in ‘68 |
| SNCC | - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 60s era student led civil rights organized sit-ins at lunch counters, sponsored Freedom Summer, by end of 60s more radical with Stokely Carmichael |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | - created by JFK but signed by law by LBJ, it desegregated public places and utilities |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | - made poll taxes illegal, registering to vote easier- LBJ law |
| Freedom Summer | - SNCC voter registration drive in MS |
| De jure segregation | - segregation by law; combated by Brown v Board of Education, civil rights Act of ‘64 |
| Malcolm X | - former spokesman of Nation of Islam; civil rights leader who promoted “civil rights by any means necessary”- self defense over nonviolent c.d. |
| Stokely Carmichael | - former SNCC leader who joined the Black Panthers and coined the phrase “Black Power” |
| Black Power | - phrase created by late ‘60s, expressed frustration of African Americans and desire to define their goals, created by Stokely Carmichael |
| Black Panthers | - militant African American civil rights organization devoted to ending police brutality and self improvement and comm.. service |
| Kerner Commission | - federal agency investigating causes of riots and urban violence in 67-68 by LBJ, violence caused by white racism |
| Vietnam | - S.E. Asian country, part of Indochina under the French until Diem Bien Phu in ’54, site of longest war in Am. history-first war we lost, proxy war b/t democrats and communists |
| Ho Chi Minh | - leader of Vietminh- later communist forces in Vietnam, beloved by people |
| Domino theory | - Ike’s idea that Vietnam falls to comm. all of Asia will follow |
| Geneva Accords | - 54 agreement plan b/t nations to split Vietnam in 2 for 10 years and then decide its fate based on plebiscite |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | - South Vietnamese leader, US puppet, corrupt, brutal, hated and assassinated by Vietnam generals |
| Tonkin Gulf Resolution | - congressional act giving president power to escalate Vietnam war as much as he wanted, repealed by War Powers Act |
| SDS | - Students for a Democratic Society- antiwar, liberal student protest organization |
| Tet Offensive | - surprise attack y communist forces against US in ’68, eventually pushed back at great loss of life but moral victory for comm.. over US |
| Robert F. Kennedy | - JFK’s brother, assassinated during CA primary in 68, atty. general under JFK |
| Vietnamization | - Nixon’s war strategy of returning the Vietnam War back to South Vietnamese forces |
| Pentagon Papers | - hidden gov’t report that showed LBJ had lied to Am people about his escalation papers |
| Khmer Rouge | - Cambodian communist group that took control after Vietnam fell |
| Cesar Chavez | - CA farm worker who advocates for migrant workers conditions called for boycott of grapes to pressure farmers |
| United Farm Workers | - union created for farm workers created by Cesar Chavez |
| American Indian Movement | - militant Native American group who protected termination policy and anti-Indian feelings by taking over fed. building @ Wounded Knee |
| Feminism | - ideology that promoted female equality empowerment; Roe v. Wade |
| Betty Friedan | - author of Feminine Mystique; said modern women are unhappy/dissatisfied with their lives- now cofounder |
| Gloria Steinem | - female journalist advocated for equality, founded Ms. Magazine |
| Counter Culture | - 60-70s era movement by young people mostly white middle class protesting mainstream value of conformity |
| Woodstock | - upstate NY music festival for counterculture promoted hippie values. |
| The Beatles | - Elvis, rock icons, spokesmen for counterculture values proof that rock is spreading across globe |
| Watergate | - Nixon scandal regarding Britain by repubs of demo HQ, forced Nixon to resign |
| CREP | - Comm. to reelect president behind execution of Watergate brakin |
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pvcheergrl03
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