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CNS Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Regions of the brainstem from inferior to superior | Medulla, Pons, Midbrain |
| What separates the spinal cord from the medulla? | foramen magnum |
| Which part of the medulla is closed and which part of the medulla is open? | Inferior is closed and superior is open. |
| What structures are in the inferior portion of the medulla? | fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, central canal, olive, pyramids |
| What structures are in the superior portion of the medulla? | 4th ventricl, olives and pyramids |
| What structures are on the posterior side of the medulla? | fasciulus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus |
| What structures are on the anterior side of the medulla? | pyramids and olives |
| Pons is made up of what two pieces | tegmentum/dorsal pons and basal pons |
| What structures are in the tegmentum or dorsal pons? | cerebral aqueduct and some regions contains the 4th ventricle |
| Midbrain is made up of what? | tectum and cerebral peduncle |
| The cerebral peduncle of the midbrain is made up of what? | basal peduncle and tegmentum |
| What structures are in the tectum of the midbrain? | colliculus and cerebral aquedeuct |
| Where is the red nucleus located? | tegmentum of midbrain |
| where is the substantia nigria located? | tegmentum of midbrain |
| Part of the spinal cord that contains processes and supporting cells but does not contain cell bodies. | white matter |
| Area of white matter in the spinal cord | funiculus |
| What are the 3 areas of white matter in the spinal cord? | posterior, lateral and anterior funiculus |
| Group of white matter in which fibers that have the SAME origin, termination and function, give an example | tract; corticospinal tract and spinothalamic tract |
| Tract with a ribbon shape, give an example. | lemniscus; medial lemniscus |
| Group of fibers in the white matter that may have differing origins and different termination but have related functions? | fasciculus |
| Where does the internal carotid artery arise from? | common carotid artery at the level of the thyroid |
| What is the internal carotid artery route? | Enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal, penetrates the dura ventral to the optic nerve and starts branching |
| Which artery enters the orbit through the optic foramen? What does this artery give rise to? | opthalmic artery; central artery of the retina |
| What does the opthalmic artery supply? | retina and cranial dura |
| Interruption in blood flow of the opthalmic artery can cause what? | loss of vision on ipsilateral side |
| Where does the anterior choridal artery arise from? | near the optic chiasm |
| Route of the anterior cerebral artery? | Branch of the ICA at the level of the optic chiasm than travles through the interhemispheric fissure |
| Anterior cerebral artery supplies what? | Medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere including frontal and parietal lobes. Also the postcentral and precentral gyrus |
| Number 1 problem of the CNS | blood supply to the CNS = stroke |
| Vertebral artery supplies what? | medulla |
| Basilar artery supplies what? | pons |
| Posterior cerebral artery supplies what? | posterior cerebral cortex and midbrain |
| Anterior choroidal artery supplies what? | choroid plexus of lat. ventricle, optic tract, parts of internal capsule, lateral thalamus and hippocampus and globus pallidus |
| Hippocampus is for what? | limbic such as memory and personality |
| Globus pallidus is for what? | Motor |
| Which branch of the ICA is prone to occlusion and why? | anterior chroidal artery; long course and small diameter (sensitive to ischemia) |
| Route of the anterior cerebral artery | medial side of optic tract and over corpus callosum |
| Route of middle cerebral artery and what does it supply? | through lateral fissure; majority of lateral side |
| Occulsion of the left side can cause what? | language problems |
| Posterior cerebral artery supplies what? | occipital lobe, cerebrum and superior posterio midbrain |
| Anterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies what for what? | middle cerebellar peduncle, pons for CN 5,6,7 and cerebellum for motor and balance |
| Posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies what? | medulla and cerebellum |
| Meningeal artery supplies what? | posterior cranial fossa and meninges |
| Posterior spinal aa's supply what? | spinal cord and medulla |
| Anterior spinal aa's supply what? | whole length of spinal cord and medulla |
| Circle of Willis is complete only in what percent of people? | 20% |
| Very common site of conegenital aneurysm and why? | Circle of Willis; walls of vessels incorrectly formed 75% rupture |
| Superior posterior midbrain includes what and for what? What artery supplies it? | sup. colliculus, occlumotor nerve; vision; posterior cerebral artery |
| Inferior posterior midbrain includes what and for what? What artery supplies it? | inf. colliculus, CN 4; hearing; superior cerebral artery |
| 4 regions of the diencephalon | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus |
| General function of the epithalamus | limbic system; behavior, personality, memory, influence the reproductive system |
| 2 parts of the epithalamus | pineal gland and habenula |
| Does the pineal gland secrete hormones? If yes, what are they. | Yes, melatonin(night) and norepinephrin, serotonin(day) |
| Other functions of the pineal gland | involved in circadian rythem and possibly in human reproduction |
| Explain the habeunula | Nucleus that has a L & R structure, possibly relay by which the limbic system did and hypothalamus can influence activity |
| Where is the subthalamus? | continuous with midbrain below tegmentum |
| General function of the subthalamus | continuous motor |
| Nuclei of the subthalamus | subthalamic, red nucleus, substantia nigra |
| Which two nuclei of the subthalamus are also in the tegmentum of the midbrain? | red nucleus and substantia nigra |
| General function of the hypothalamus | endocrine fxn, receives every kind of sensory info., influence/use autonomics and responsible for homeostasis |
| Nuclei of the hypothalamus and what do they control? | supraoptic: ADH, paraventricular: oxytocin, mamillary: limbic system |
| General function of the thalamus | send info to cerebral cortex, everything but smell |
| Nuclei of the thalamus | anterior nucleus, midline, doromedial, intralaminar, lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, pulvinar, ventral anterior, ventral lateral, ventral posterior, lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, reticular, posterior complex |
| Anterior Nucleus of the thalamus do what? | memory functions and regulations of emoitional behavior |
| Midline nucleus of the thalamus do what? | nonspecific |
| Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus do what? | mediation of affective processes and emotional behavior |
| Intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus do what? | nonspecific |
| Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus does what? | motor functions |
| Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus does what? | motor functions |
| Ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus does what? | transmission of somato sensory information from the body and head to different regions of the postcentral gyrus |
| Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus does what? | visual cortex from both retinas |
| Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus does what? | hearing |
| Reticular nucleus of the thalamus does what? | never use it, intrathalamic communication within the thalamus |
| Posterior complex nucleus of the thalamus does what? | nonspecfic |
| 3 nuclei of the thalamus in functional groups are what | specific, non-specific, association thalamic |
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