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Chapter 8
U.S History
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Progressiveness | Movement that respond to the pressures of industrialization & urbanization by promoting reforms |
| Muckraker | Writer who uncovers & exposes misconduct in politics or business. |
| Social Gospel | reform movement that emerged in the late 19th century that sought to improve society by applying Christian priciples |
| Settlement house | community center organized at the turn of the 20th century to provide social services to the urban poor. |
| Direct Primary | Election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections. |
| Initiative | process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot |
| Referendum | Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature. |
| Recall | process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their term ends |
| National Consumers League (NCL) | Group organized in 1899 to investigate the conditions under which goods were made and sold and to promote safe working conditions and a minimum wage. |
| Temperance movment | aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems created by it |
| Suffrage | right to vote |
| National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) | group formed in 1890 that worked on both the state and national levels to earn women the right to vote |
| 19th Amendment | constitutional amendment that provided women the right to vote |
| Americanization | belief that assimilating immigrants into american society would make them more loyal citizens |
| Niagara Movement | Group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in educational & voting practices |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) | Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation & discrimination & to achieve political & civil rights for African Americans |
| Urban League | Network of churches and clubs that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled and find work in cities. |
| Anti-Defamation League | organization formed in 1939 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statments. |
| Mutualistas | organized groups of Mexican Americans that make loans and provide legal assistance to other members of their community. |
| Square Deal | President Theodore Roosevelt's program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor |
| Hepburn Act | 1906 law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and the maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines. |
| Meat Inspection Act | 1906 law that allowed the feral government to inspect meat sold across state lines &required federal inspection of meat processing plants |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | 1906 law that allowed federal inspection of food and medicines and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure foods and mislabeling of food and drugs. |
| National Reclamation Act | 1902 law that gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed through the building and management of dams and irrigation projects |
| New Nationalism | President Theodore Roosevelt's plan to restore the governments trust-busting power |
| Progressive party | Political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican party in 1912 |
| New Freedom | Woodrow Wilson's program to place government controls on corporations in order to benefit small businesses |
| 16th amendment | 1913 constitutional amendment that gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax |
| Federal Reserve Act | 1913 law that placed national banks under control of a federal reserve board which runs regional banks that hold reserve funds from commercial banks, sets interest rates , and supervises commercial banks |
| Federal Trade Commission | Government agency established in 1914 to identify monopolistic business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling. |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | 1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act |
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