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Diseaseintro
Intro to Disease
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Disease is | any deviation or interruption from any normal body function |
| Pathology is | the study of disease |
| Pathogenic (pathogenesis) means | pertaining to the cause of a disease |
| Idiopathic means | pertaining to an unknown disease |
| Etiology means | the study of the cause |
| Lesion means | any abnormal tissue |
| Signs are | evidence of disease that can be seen |
| Examples of signs include these three | pyrexia (fever) leukocytosis (too many white blood cells) jaundice (yellowing of the skin and sclera) |
| Symptoms are | evidence of disease that is felt |
| Three examples of symptoms include | lumbodynia (low back pain) N+V (nausea and vomiting) puritis (itching) |
| Syndrome means | a combination of signs and symptoms |
| Dx (diagnosis) means | the act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms |
| Px (prognosis) means | the predicated outcome of a disease |
| Sequela means | the aftermath of a disease |
| Acute means | a sudden onset AKA paroxysmal |
| Chronic means | recurring or persistent |
| Insidious means | slow to appear |
| Exacerbation means | to get worse or make worse |
| Remission means | the signs and symptoms of a chronic disease subside |
| Relapse means | a disease returns |
| Complication means | a secondary disease develops with a primary disease |
| Terminal means | a disease that ends in death |
| Mortality means | the number of deaths caused by a disease |
| Palliative means | relieving symptoms but not curing |
| Homeostatis is | a steady state or balance that the body tries to maintain |
| Immunity is the | ability of the body to defend itself against infections agents, foreign cells, and cancer cells |
| Inflammation occurs | whenever there is trauma |
| Trauma is | any wound or injury |
| Examples of trauma include: 1. Abrasion | superficial mechanical damage to the skin |
| Three types of abrasion | scrape chafe abrade |
| Excoriation | superficial chemical damage to the skin |
| Contusion | bleeding under the skin |
| Laceration | tissue cut ripped or torn |
| Avulsion | tearing any part of the body away from the whole |
| FX | fracture |
| Infection | infection |
| Allergic reaction | allergic reaction |
| Damage caused by trauma stimulates the release of | histamine from basophils (white blood cells) |
| release of histamine from basophils (white blood cells) starts the | inflammatory response |
| Signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response include these five | 1 Erythema (redness) 2 Inflammatory exudate (swelling edema) 3 Pain 4 Warmth 5 Pruitis (itching) |
| The body responds to trauma in this fashion because | the more fluid (hyperemia) that is brought to traumatized area, the faster the healing will occur |
| The faster the tissue heals | the less chance of infection |
| Suppurative, pyogenic, purulent and abcess all refer to | pus |
| Pus is primarily made up of | necrosed (dead) leukocytes (white blood cells) who faught the fight |
| Leukocytes (white blood cells) include monkeys never eat little bananas | monocytes (phagocytic packman eating cells) neutrophils (phagocytic) eosinophils (allergies) lymphocytes (produce antibodies) basophils (release histamine) |
| An autoimmune disease occurs when | the immune system attacks the body's health tissues |
| Autoimmune diseases are more common in | women (90%) |
| 1.5 million Americans have | lupus |
| Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a | non contagious incurable inflammatory autoimmune disease |
| Two types of lupus include | 1. DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus) 2. SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) |
| DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus) is characterized by a | rash on the face, neck or scalp "butterfly rash" |
| Systemic lupus (SLE) is characterized by: Fatigue | loss of energy |
| Cephalagia | headache |
| Anxiety | anxiety |
| MDD | Major depressive disorder |
| Rash with photosensitivity | light sensitive |
| Arthralgia | joint pain |
| Myalgia | muscle pain |
| Alopecia | hair loss |
| Lymphadenopathy | swollen lymphnoids |
| Splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
| Bilateral pleurisy | inflammation of the pleurae lining of the lungs |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the outer lining of the heart |
| Endocarditis | inflammation of the inner part of the heart |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| Atherosclerosis | hardening of the arteries caused by fatty plaque |
| Lupus nephritis | inflammation of kidneys |
| DX | diagnosis |
| Diagnosis of lupus in confirmed with an ANA | Antinuclear antibody blood test |
| TX | treatment |
| Treatment of lupus includes these four | NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs) SAIDS (steroidal anti inflamaatory drugs) Analgesics (pain releivers) Immunosupressants (Benlysta) |
| Analgesics | pain releivers |
| SAIDs | steroidal anti inflammatory drugs |
| NSAIDs | non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs |
| Immunosuppressants | Benlysta |
| SLE (systemic lupus) can cause premature death due to | renal (kidney) or cardiac (heart) failure |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| GD | Grave's disease |
| Type 1 DM | diabetes mellitus |
| UC | ulcerative colitis |
| CD | Crohn's disease |
| Vitiligo | loss of skin pigmentation |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis contractures |
| Scleroderma | hardening of skin |
| Foreign protein (bacteria) include these four | 1 virus 2 fungi 3 toxins 4 allergens |
| Any foreign protein that triggers an immune response is called an | antigen |
| A normal response to an antigen is called an | allergy |
| An unusual or exaggerated allergic response to an antigen is called | anaphylaxis (analphylatic shock) |
| Antibodies are | microscopic immune proteins that bind to antigens (tag it) |
| Immunity cased by the body creating antibodies (immune protein) is called | active immunity |
| Antibodies tag the antigens for | destruction by the immune system |
| Antibodies (immune proteins) are | specialized |
| Specialized means that | only a specific antigen (virus bacteria fungus) will be tagged |
| Active immunity can be achieved by (3 names meaning same thing) | immunization aka inoculation or vaccination |
| A vaccine is ... | attenuated (crippled) or inactivated (dead) antigen |
| An attenuated or inactivated antigen DOES NOT cause the disease but will... | Trigger the B lymphocytes (B cells) to produce antibodies (immune proteins) |
| Antibody production is the only mechanism that can ... | defeat a pathogenic (disease creating) virus |
| Multiple exposure to attenuated or inactivated antigen can cause a better and longer lasting immunity which is the reason for.. | booster immunizations |
| Immunity caused by receiving antibodies from another is called... | passive immunity |
| An example of a passive immunity is ... | colostrum breast feeding for the first 2-5 days |
| Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the incidence of ... | DM (diabetes mellitis) ,heart disease, obesity, eczema,lymphomas, and SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) |
| A natural immunity inherited genetically from your ancestors is called an | innate immunity |
| An antigen's power to overcome the defenses of it's host is called | virulence (virulent) |
| A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another is called | communicable (contagious) |
| To convey (spread) a communicable (contagious) disease from one person to another is called | transmission |
| The most effective way to prevent the transmission of pathogens is | proper hand washing |
| what does attenuated mean (when pertaining to a vaccine) | crippled |
| what does inactivated mean (when pertaining to a vaccine) | dead |
| Bacterial pathogens are | disease creators |
| Strep | streptococci |
| Proliferation (growth in numbers) of streptococci can cause | strep throat |
| Full name for E. Coli | escherichia |
| Full name for GC | gonococci |
| Full name for C. diff | clostridium difficile |
| Pertussis is AKA... | whooping cough |
| Many bacterial infections can be treated by | antibiotic therapy |
| Antibiotic means | pertaining to against life (bacterial) |
| Viral pathogens include... | HAV HBV HCV |
| What is HAV HBV HCV | Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus |
| What is influenza | flu |
| What is a complication of the flu | pneumonia |
| what does pneumonia mean | inflammation of a lung |
| Coryza is AKA | the common cold |
| Varicella is AKA | chicken pox |
| sequela means | aftermath |
| what is the sequela of varicella (chicken pox) | shingles |
| Rubeola AKA | measles |
| Parotitis AKA | mumps |
| Rubella AKA | German measles |
| What is a complication of polio | Motor paralysis |
| What does HIV stand for | Human immunodeficiency virus |
| HIV is primarily transmitted these 3 ways | Sexual contact, sharing needles, the entry of contaminated body fluids |
| HIV is not transmitted through ... | Casual contact, 3! Shaking hands, eating , kissing |
| The average time period between HIV and aids is | 2-10 years |
| What does aids stand for | Acquired immune dificiency syndrome |
| The diagnosis of aids is given when what two things occur | Opportunistic infections, and/or a cd4 t lymphocyte count <200 |
| Opportunistic infections associated with aids ...name 5 | TB, pneumocystis (Cabrinii) pneumonia (pcp) , ca Candida albicans, cmv cytomegalovirus, ks kaposi's sarcoma |
| Blood tests to detect the HIV antibodies include these 2... | ELISA , western blot |
| Treatment for the HIV and aids include | HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy |
| What do antibiotics have no affect on | Viral infections |
| When is it appropriate to prescribe an antibiotic for a viral infection | If the patient is immunocomprimised , or if the patient is afflicted with a chronic disease |
| Why would an antibiotic be prescribed to someone who is immunocomprimised | To stop a secondary bacterial infection |
| Tinea corporis is | Ring worm |
| Tinea pedis is | Athletes foot |
| Tinea Cruris is | Jock itch |
| Tinea capitis | Scalp |
| Tinea unguium | Nails |
| What do you use to treat dermatophytosis | Anti fungal medications |
| Micro-organisms that are not pathogenic are called | Normal flora |
| Helminths refer to a | Parasitical worm infestation |
| Infestation means | To live in or on as a parasite |
| A parasite is | A organism that benefits at the expense of the host |
| Name 3! Helminths | Roundworms pinworms tapeworms |
| The diagnosis of helminths is confirmed with what type of test | O + P fecal test |
| What does the O+P stand for in an o+p fecal test | Ova and parasite |
| Treatment for Helminths include | anthelmintic medications |
| micro-organisms that are not pathogenic are called | normal flora |
| Many viruses are harmless to humans (FACT) turn card for more info.... | Fungi (yeast) are needed to make beer, bread, and cheese |
| The number of NEW cases of a disease in a population is called | incidence |
| The number of EXISTING cases of a disease | prevalence |
| A disease that ALWAYS occurs at LOW levels in a population | endemic |
| A disease that OCCURS at HIGH levels in a population | epidemic |
| An epidemic that spreads over a large area WORLDWIDE is called | pandemic |
| A disease that SUDDENLY occurs in unexpected numbers in a limited area and then SUBSIDES is called an | Outbreak |
| The separation of persons who may or may not be infected from healthy people until the period of infections risk is passed is called | quarantine |
| CDC(P) stands for the | Center for disease and control prevention |
| The incidence of obesity, cancer, heart disease, and low immune response is associated with | sleep deprivation |
| The terms neoplasm, neoplasia, and tumor are used to describe | Ca or CA |
| Ca CA stands for | Cancer |
| A change in biochemistry of a gene resulting in the production of abnormal cells is called a | mutation |
| A neoplasm that invades other tissues is called | malignant |
| The terms carcinoma and sarcoma refer to | malignancies |
| The ability to generate tumors at distant sites is called | metastasis (metastatic) (mets) |
| A tumor that does not metastasize is called | benign |
| what does metastasize mean | spread |
| Lipoma AKA | fatty tumor |
| myoma AKA | muscle tumor |
| angioma AKA | vascular or lymphatic |
| nevus AKA | mole |
| papilloma AKA | polyp or wart |
| adenoma AKA | glandular tumor |
| UVA and UVB radiation from sunlight or tanning beds increase the risk of | skin malignancies |
| UV light also destroys collagen causing... | wrinkles and accelerates aging |
| STI's especially HPV, early sexual activity, and multiple sexual partners increases the chance of what? | Cervical malignacies |
| Estrogen therapy such as BCP's or HRT can increase the incidences of | Breast Malignancies |
| what does EPA stand for | environmental protection agency |
| 6 malignancies including breast, liver, rectum, mouth, throat and esophageal may be caused by | Alcohol (ETOH) |
| A sedentary lifestyle means... | little or no excercise |
| A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of these six malignancies | 1 breast 2 lung 3 ovarian 4 endometrial 5 colon 6 prostate |
| The average American spends 9 waking hours | sitting (probably cause they are taking Mark's classes!) |
| What is prophylaxis | protection |
| Cancer prophylaxis recommendations include: | 30 minutes a day walking 5 days a week |
| Signs and symptoms of Cancer include | change in bowel habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, indigestion, dysphagia, obvious change in a verruca or nevus, nagging cough or hoarseness, |
| What is usually not an early sign of cancer | pain |
| the diagnosis of cancer is usually confirmed with a | biopsy (BX) |
| Names 3! types of biopsies | Frozen sections, needle biopsy, exfoliative cytology |
| exfoliative cytology (study of cells) refers to ... Name 3! | Scrapings, washings secretions |
| Cancer staging refers to the | size and spread |
| Cancer grading refers to the | aggressiveness of the cancer |
| 1 Antineoplastic medications (chemo), 2 radiation therapy,3 hormonal therapy, 4 surgery are | Treatment for cancer |
| Proliferation of gonococci (GC) can cause the STD known as | gonorrhea |
| Bacterial Pathogens are | disease creators |
| Strep is | streptococci |
| Proliferation is | growth in numbers |
| Proliferation of strep can cause | strep throat |
| Staph is | staphylococci |
| Proliferation (grown in numbers) of staphylococci (staph) can cause | impetigo (bacterial skin infection) |
| Salmonella is a | bacterial pathogen |
| Proliferation of salmonella can cause | gastroenteritis (inflammation of stomach and small intestins) AKA food poisoning |
| E. coli stands for | escherichia coli |
| Proliferation of E. coli can cause | UTI's (urinary tract infections) and gastroenteritis |
| GC is | gonococci |
| Proliferation of gonococci (GC) can cause the STD | gonorrhea |
| C. diff is | colostridium difficile |
| Proliferation of C. diff can cause these two | 1 extreme diarrhea (loose watery stools) and 2 dehydration (hypovolemic shock) |
| Diptheria is a | bacterial pathogen |
| Proliferation of diptheria can cause these two | 1 myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardium) and 2 neuritis (inflammation of nerves) |
| Pertussis AKA | whooping cough (uncontrollable violent coughing) |
| Complications of pertussis (whooping cough) include these three | 1 seizure disorders 2 mental retardation and 3 death |
| Approximately 500 different types of bacteria have been identified living in the average | human mouth |
| The average human has approximately one million billion bacteria living in and on the body | True |
| Viral pathogens include these three | 1 HAV 2 HBV 3 HCV |
| Complications of HBV and HCV include | cirrhosis (degeneration of the liver) |
| Influenza is | the flu virus (A+B) |
| A complication of influenza is | pneumonia (inflammation of a lung) |
| Coryza (200 viral strains) AKA | the common cold |
| Varicella AKA | chicken pox |
| Complications of varicella include these two | 1 pneumonia 2 cerebral edema |
| The sequela (aftermath) of varicella (chicken pox) can be | herpes zoster AKA shingles |
| Complications of herpes zoster (shingles) include these two | 1 extreme pain 2 scarring (cicatrices) |
| Complications of parotitis include these two | 1 meningitis (inflammation of the meninges) and 2 bilateral orchitis (inflammation of the testes) |
| 1 congenital cataracts 2 deafness 3 heart defects 4 mental retardation are Complications of | rubella (german measles) include these 4 |
| A Complication of polio myelitis is | motor paralysis (inability to move) |
| Dermatophytosis refers to an | integumentary (skin, hair & nails) fungal infection |
| E. coli (escherichia coli) in the large bowel produce | vitamin K |
| Oral, pulmonary, laryngeal, pharyngeal, esophageal, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatic, renal, gastric, uterine and bladder malignancies are increased by the use of | tobacco |
| esophageal, gastric, breast and colorectal malignancies may be caused by | poor diet (insufficient fruits and vegetables) |
| STI's are | sexually transmitted infections |
| HPV is | human papilloma virus |
| STI and HPV early sexual activity and multiple sexual partners increases the risk of | cervical malignancies |
| Asbestos | mesothelioma |
| Radon | lung |
| Benzene | leukemia |
| The number of chemicals in commercial products has reached | 80,000 |
| Carcinogenic means | cancer creating |
| The EPA has required testing on | 200 commercial products and restricted 5 |
| Environmental agent pollution can include | air and water pollution |
| Genetic predisposition can include | breast ovarian and bladder malignancies |
| Hereditary diseases are also called | genetic (familial) diseases |
| Hereditary diseases are caused by a | defective gene |
| Genes represent the | blueprint of how the body is constructed |
| The blueprint is also expressed in an abbreviation called | DNA |
| Genes are found in groups called | chromosomes |
| Normally, each human has this number of chromosomes | 46 chromosomes |
| Each parent donates this number of chromosomes to each child | 23 chromosomes |
| Hereditary diseases include these 5 | 1 Polydactyl (extra findgers and toes) 2 Achondroplasia (dwarfism) 3 PKU (enzyme dificiency) |
| PKU is | phyenylketonuria |
| Enzymes are | chemical catalysts |
| Catalysts refer to | anything that causes reactions to occur |
| Neonates (newborns) are routinely tested for | PKU (phenylketonuria) |
| Untreated PKU's cause | MR (mental retardation) |
| TX for PKU includes | a modified diet of no protein (milk, meat, eggs, nuts, legumes, aspartene) |
| Galactosemia is a dietary enzyme deficiency in Caucasians that can cause these 4 (BELK) | 1 liver, 2 eye, 3 kidney and 4 brain damage |
| Treatment for galactosemia includes | diet modification (no galactose no dairy) |
| SCA (sickle cell anemia) occurrs when | erythrocytes (RBC's) are produced with a sickle shape that inhibits respiration (exchange of gases) and causes agglutination |
| Agglutination refers to the | clumping together of the deformed erythrocytes (RBCs) |
| Agglutination can cause SCC | Sickle Cell Crises |
| Vascular occlusions | infarcts |
| tissue ischemia | oxygen depravation |
| Necrosis | death |
| Thoracodynia | chest pain |
| Dyspnea | difficulty breathing or SOB shortness of breath |
| Hemolytic anemai | erythrocyte RBC destruction |
| Signs and symptoms of SCC also include | sever pain and organ failure |
| SCA primarily affects | African Americans |
| DX of SCA is confirmed with a | microscopic examination of the erythrocytes (RBC) |
| TX for SCA includes these 3 | Blood transfusions, analgesics and cO2 (oxygen) therapy |
| Albinism occurs when there is an absence of | melanin (skin pigmentation) |
| Achromatopsia is | color blindness (red and green) |
| Hemophilia is a coagulopathy or | disease condition of clotting |
| Coagulopathy occurs with an absence of a | clotting factor |
| CF (cystic fibrosis) is characterized by these 2 | pulmonary (lung) and pancreatic dysfunctions |
| DS is | down syndrome |
| DS occurs when there is a trisomy of chromosome number | 21 |
| The incidence of DS is higher among children born to mothers over the age of | 35 |
| There are ____ (number) characteristics of DS | nine or 9 1 mild to profound MR 2 eyes appear slanted and wide set 3 protruding tounge 4 short flat nose 5 short stature 6 very affectionate 7 straight crease extends across the palms of the hand 8 pinky finger is shorter 9 short life span |
| The DX of genetic diseases can be obtained by performing an | amniocentesis or CVS (chorionic villus sampling) |
| Congenital defects are acquired during | gestation (pregnancy) not heredity |
| 1 hypoxia (deficient oxygen) 2 maternal infection 3 drug use 4 malnutrition 5 radiation are common causes of | congenital defects |
| There are ___ (number) of common congenital defects | seven or 7 |
| CP (congenital) | cerebral palsy |
| CHD (congenital) | congenital heart defect |
| SB (congenital) | spina bifida |
| CL (congenital) | cleft lip |
| CP (congenital) | cleft palate |
| EA (congenital) | esophageal atresia |
| PS (congenital) | pyloric stenosis |
Created by:
Denjack
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