Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Social Research Ch8
Need to Know - Social Science Research Methods Ch8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the term for other possible explanations for the outcome of an experiment? | Rival hypotheses |
| What may be the oldest form of research and the quintessential scientific method? | The experimental method |
| TRUE or FALSE: The experimental method is one of many that allows us to be positive about what causes what. | FALSE - It is the only one. |
| What concept has to do with whether we are measuring what we think we are measuring? | Validity |
| What is the term that has to do with the extent to which we can generalize our results to other people in other settings? | External validity |
| What is external validity, in part, an issue of? | Sampling |
| What term has to do with the extent to which we can be sure that the outcome of the experiment is due to the treatment? | Internal validity |
| What is the problem with most naive experiments? | Internal validity |
| Name the 6 threats to internal validity that are listed by the text. | History effect Maturation effect Experimental mortality Instrumentation effect Testing effect Regression effect |
| What threat to internal validity results from events that occur during the research that influence the outcome and make it hard to interpret the results? | History effect |
| What threat to internal validity refers to the fact that people change over time? | Maturation effect |
| What threat to internal validity refers to the fact that people drop out of research projects? | Experimental mortality |
| What threat to internal validity has to do with changes in measuring techniques, or measurements that are unreliable? | Instrumentation effect |
| What threat to internal validity refers to the fact that people react to testing in a variety of ways? | Testing effect |
| What threat to internal validity refers to a problem when subjects are selected because they score either particularly high or low on some measure? | Regression effect |
| What are the crucial elements of the true or classic experiment? | 1. Select subjects randomly from population. 2. At least 2 groups (experimental & control). 3. Randomly assign subjects to groups. 4. Pre-test both groups. 5. Treat experimental group. 6. Post-test both groups. |
| What are the results of the pre-test in a true experiment called? | Baseline data |
| What is an elaboration of the true experiment called in which neither the participants nor the researchers with whom they interact know who is in the control group and who is in the treatment group? | Double-blind experiment |
| Why is there no need to conduct a pre-test if researchers randomly assign subjects to control and experimental groups? | There is no difference between people in the two groups, so any difference between the two groups that shows up after the experiment must be a result of the experimental treatment. |
| Why do many researchers prefer to use pre-tests? | When the pre-test shows no difference between control and experimental groups, this bolsters their claims that the way they assigned people to groups truly was random. |
| When is it particularly important to have baseline data? | When there is an expected high rate of "mortality" or drop out. |
| What threat to internal validity can using a pre-test cause? | Testing effect |
| How does one control for the testing effect without losing the advantages of pre-testing? | Solomon Four-Group Design |
| Describe the Solomon Four-Group Design | Group 1 is pre-tested, treated and post-tested. Group 2 is pre-tested, NOT treated, and IS post-tested. Group 3 is NOT pre-tested, IS treated and IS post-tested. Group 4 is NOT pre-tested, is NOT treated and IS post-tested. |
| What is one of the interesting challenges faced by researchers who rely on volunteer subjects in regard to external validity? | People who volunteer are different in some respects than those who do not. |
| Besides the representativeness of the sample of people who volunteer to participate in research, what is another generalizability issue in experimentation? | Can the causal relationships between variables that were observed in the laboratory be generalized to other settings? |
| What is the reactive effect wherein people react to the experiment itself rather than the stimuli? | The Hawthorne effect |
| What threat to validity does the reactive effect create? | Generalizability - external validity |
| What are the 3 reactive effects listed by the text? | Hawthorne effect Demoralization John Henry effect |
| What is the reactive effect in which people in the control group tend to become demoralized about the fact that they are not receiving the treatment? | Demoralization |
| What is the reactive effect in which people tend to work harder to "beat" the members of the experimental group? | John Henry effect |
| Randomly selecting participants from the population increases what type of validity? | Internal |
| Randomly assigning people to either the experimental or control group increases what type of validity? | External |
| What are two reasons that few sociologists conduct experiments? | The scale of the stuff they study precludes doing so. Ethical considerations. |
| What is an experiment that lacks one or more of the essential components of the true experiment? | Quasi-experiment |
| When might a quasi-experiment be conducted? | When people cannot be randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. |
| What is a quasi-experimental design in which one group that receives a treatment is from one institution, and the control group is from another institution? Pre-tests are conducted on all participants, & after the experimental group finishes, post-test. | Nonequivalent control group design |
| What kind of threat do nonequivalent control group designs pose to validity? | Internal |
| What kind of design would be used in studying natural disaster situations, wherein a group of people similar to those in the disaster are used in contrast to a group not in the disaster? | Ex post facto - after the fact |
Created by:
silvrwood
Popular Social Studies sets