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MCAT Bio JBrosch
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lysozyme | antibacterial enzyme, degrades Peptidoglycan (hence it's freakin antibacterial) |
| Mesoderm | musculoskeletal, heart, kidneys, excretory system, gonads |
| Endoderm | Digestive system, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder |
| Ectoderm | skin, nervous, brain, eyes |
| Cell Cycle | G1 (growing) --> S (DNA replication) --> G2 (growing) --> M (division) |
| Reverse Transcriptase | transcribes DNA from RNA; used by retroviruses |
| Sodium/ Potassium Pump | 2 K+ in 3 Na+ out NET -1 |
| Endospore | Dormant bacteria |
| kinase vs phosphatase | phosphorylates; dephosphorylates (via hydrolysis) |
| Fungi | chitin |
| Temporary Immune Response | susceptible multiple times, but not in immediate succession |
| Plasma Cells | differentiates B cells |
| Bile salts | steroid acids; conjugated with aa's to increase solubility in H2O to EMULSIFY fats; nonpolar/ ionic |
| Protein kinases | phosphorylate at Tyrosine, Serine and Threonine (all have -OH) |
| Proteins are made by... | dehydration synthesis |
| SDS | coats proteins with negative charge |
| Adrenal Cortex secretes?? | mineral corticoids (aldosterone), cortical sex hormones, glucocorticoids (cortisol). |
| Cortisol | increases blood glucose |
| Corpus Luteum | in the ovaries, secretes Estrogen/ Progesterone |
| Hypothalamus | synthesizes Oxytocin and ADH hunger/ thirst/ sex regulates anterior pituitary |
| How to you make sperm? | primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatid spermatozoa |
| Prophage/ Provirus | virus that has integrated its DNA into host DNA |
| Medulla oblongata | controls breathing |
| Thyroid secretes | thyroxine & triiodothyronine (increase metabolism) & calcitonin (decreases Ca) |
| Parathyroid secretes | parathyroid hormone (increases Ca) |
| Aldosterone | stimulates reabsorption of WATER and SODIUM to distal tubule and collecting duct High [ ] --> concentrated urine --> increased BP |
| ADH (vasopressin) | Makes distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct more permeable to WATER. High [ ] --> concentrated urine |
| Urine vs blood | Urine is HYPERTONIC to blood |
| Ductus venosus (fetal circulation) | Shunts blood away from LIVER |
| Ductus arteriosus (fetal circulation) | shunts blood away from PULMONARY ARTERY to AORTA |
| Foramen Ovale (fetal circulation) | directs blood away from PULMONARY ARTERY to LEFT ATRIUM |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | modified ER stores Ca in muscle cell Calcium release --> muscle contraction |
| Tropic Hormones | stimulate other endocrine glands |
| Adrenal MEDULLA | secretes epi and norepinepherine |
| Somatostatin | inhibits both glucagon and insulin secretion |
| Peroxisomes | make hydrogen peroxide and digest fats into smaller molecules |
| Nucleolus | site of rRNA synthesis |
| Holoenzyme | enzyme w/ cofactor bound (vs apoenzyme w/o) |
| Allosteric enzyme | 2 or more active sites (active/ inactive states) |
| Allosteric inhibitor | Stabilizes INACTIVE configuration |
| Zymogen | INACTIVE form of enzyme |
| 1 map unit | 1% recombinant frequency |
| transformation (bacteria) | incorporate foreign chromosome fragments |
| conjugation (bacteria) | transfer genetic mat'l b/w 2 bacteria F plasmid pili |
| transduction (bacteria) | virus carries DNA b/w 2 bacteria |
| Classification system for organisms | Domain>kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species |
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