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Soc Research Ch3
Need to Know - Social Science Research Methods Ch3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the science of correct reasoning? | Logic |
| What is an argument in which the conclusion follows necessarily from one or more general principles? | Deductive reasoning |
| What two conditions are important to meet for deductive reasoning? | The premises must be true and complete. |
| What is an argument that claims that the premises probably lead to the conclusion? | Inductive reasoning |
| What is the advantage of deductive reasoning over inductive reasoning? | It allows us to be absolutely sure about our conclusions. |
| What are the general principles from which conclusions follow? | Premises |
| What is the final step in the reasoning process (technically - reached through deductive reasoning)? | Conclusion |
| Which type of reasoning corresponds with research done to generate descriptions of relationships and explanations? | Inductive |
| Which type of reasoning corresponds with research done to test explanations? | Deductive |
| What is a premise called in inductive reasoning? | Evidence |
| What is a conclusion called in inductive reasoning? | Generalization |
| What cycle refers to the process centering around deducing hypotheticals that must be true if our explanation is true and then testing again - a logic that regards deduction and induction as complementary strategies? | Hypothetic-deductive reasoning |
| What are the stages in hypothetic-deductive reasoning? | Begin by observing some phenomenon and inducing a tentative theoretical explanation. From the theory, deduce hypotheses. Test hypotheses. |
| What is the term that means explanations about the relationships between things and the underlying principles that appear to characterize the particular phenomenon the researcher selects to study? | Theory |
| What is the term that refers to the fact that research is messy; researcher frequently make false starts, errors, and even do things that appear stupid in hindsight? It governs what is actually done by scientists. | Logic in use |
| What is the term for how scientists report their results as an idealized version of what they would have done had the process they followed been extracted and refined to utmost purity? | Reconstructed logic |
| What are errors in reasoning or logic? | Fallacies |
| What are the more dangerous types of errors in research? | Fallacies |
| What is it called when one does not pick people for research who are truly expert in the area concerned? | Appeal to unreliable authority |
| What questions should one ask to avoid appealing to unreliable authority? | What is the expert's claim to expertise? Is there any reason to suspect that this expert might have an interest in not telling the truth? Is the expert's knowledge current? |
| Name two forms of appeal to unreliable authority. | Appeal to tradition Appeal to common sense. |
| What are errors in reasoning or logic? | Fallacies |
| What are the more dangerous types of errors in research? | Fallacies |
| What is it called when one does not pick people for research who are truly expert in the area concerned? | Appeal to unreliable authority |
| What questions should one ask to avoid appealing to unreliable authority? | What is the expert's claim to expertise? Is there any reason to suspect that this expert might have an interest in not telling the truth? Is the expert's knowledge current? |
| Name two forms of appeal to unreliable authority. | Appeal to tradition Appeal to common sense. |
| What fallacies break these rules: Inferences made about individuals based on info about groups are not to be trusted; inferences made about groups based on info about individuals are not to be trusted? | Fallacies of the wrong level |
| What is it called when one draws a conclusion about individuals based on evidence gathered about groups? | Ecological fallacy |
| What is it called when one draws conclusions about groups based on data gathered with the individual as the unit of analysis? | Reductionist fallacy |
| What is the term for the specific entity on which we elect to focus our study? | Unit of analysis |
| What occurs when it is assumed that because two (or more) things are related, one of them must cause the other - or that because one thing occurs before the other, the first must cause the second. | Fallacy of the false cause |
| What term means that a relationship may be false because some other factor is lurking in the background? | Spurious |
| What are the 3 rules of evidence and judgment? | Is the evidence accurate? Does the evidence support the conclusion? Is any relevant evidence left out? |
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silvrwood
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