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Gross Anatomy 2
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Point of attachment to forehead of the external nose | root |
| Tip of the nose | apex |
| Project from face and meeting in midline to form the dorsum nasi of the external nose | lateral walls |
| Connects the root of the nose and the apex of the nose | dorsum nasi |
| Nostrils of the nose are also called | external(anterior) nares |
| Upper part of the dorsum nasi supported by nasal bones | bridge |
| Shape of the external nose is determined by what? | nasal bones, lateral nasal cartilages, greater alar cartilages, lesser alar cartilages and septal cartilage |
| Forms bridge of the nose | nasal bones |
| Forms much of the dorsum and lateral aspect of the nose | lateral nasal cartilages |
| Gives shape of the tip of the nose and has a lateral and medial crus which holds open the nares | greater alar cartilages |
| Posterior to the greater alar cartilages | lesser alar cartilages |
| Unpaired midline cartilage which helps to divide nasal cavity into 2 lateral halves | septal cartilage |
| Nasal cavity is divided into two ____ by ____ | nasal fossae; nasal septum |
| Nasal cavity extends from ____ to ____ | external/anterior nares; choanae(internal/posterior nares) |
| Openings into the nasopharynx at posterior edge of hard palate and vomer | choanae(internal/posterior nares) |
| Internal of the nasal cavity, this corresponds to the alae and has what? | vestibule; sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hairs |
| Each nasal fossa contains | floor, medial wall, roof and lateral wall |
| Floor of the nasal fossa | hard palate(maxillae & palatine bones) |
| Medial wall of the nasal fossa | septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, nasal crests of maxillae & palatine bones |
| Roof of the nasal fossa | nasal bone, frontal bone, cribiform plate and body of sphenoid |
| Lateral wall of nasal fossa | limen nasi, agger nasi, olfactory sulcus, conchae, sphenoehmoidal recess and meatuses |
| Ridge formed by the lower edge of the lateral nasal cartilage | limen nasi |
| Separates the vestibule from the rest of the nasal fossa on lateral wall | limen nasi |
| Area of transition of epithelial types on lateral wall of the nasal fossa | limen nasi |
| Midway between the anterior end of middle concha and dorsum of nose (lateral wall) | agger nasi |
| Site of an anterior ethmoid air cell (lateral wall) | agger nasi |
| Slight groove above agger nasi | olfactory sulcus - leads to the olfactory area on the roof of the nasal cavity |
| Usually 3 or 4 scroll-like elevations covered by mucuous membrane, what are they? | conchae(turbinates); inferior, middle, superior and supreme |
| Largest scroll-like elevation on lateral wall, its a separate bone | inferior concha |
| Which scroll-like elevations on the lateral wall are part of the ethmoid bone? | middle concha, superior concha and supreme concha |
| Which scroll-like elevation is inconsistant, present in about 60% of cases? | supreme concha |
| Between the superior (or supreme) concha and body of sphenoid | sphenoethmoidal recess |
| Interval between later nasal wall and each of the overhanging conchae | meatuses |
| Lateral to overhanging inferior concha | inferior meatus |
| Inferior meatus receives what? | ostium of the nasolacrimal duct (tears frome eyes into nose) |
| Middle meatus contains what? | ethmoid bulla, uncinate process, semilunar hiatus, ethmoidal infundibulum and frontal recess |
| Marks the position of an ethmoid air cell. Ostia of the cell are on surface | ethmoid bulla |
| Sharp mucosa covered ridge lying inferior and anterior to ethmoid bulla | uncinate process |
| The narrow curved opening exiting the infundibulum. It is located between the uncinate process below and the bulla above | semilunar hiatus |
| Deep curved passage lying deep to the semilunar hiatus | ethmoidal infundibulum |
| Anterior-superior end of the ethmoidal infundibulum receives the what? | ostium of the frontonasal duct(draining from the frontal sinus) |
| Ethmoidal infundibulum also receives the what just below the semilunar hiatus | ostium of the maxillary sinus(floor of the infundibulum) |
| Anterior to semilunar hiatus and receives ostia of one or more ethmoid cells | frontal recess |
| Meatus that receives ostia of the posterior ethmoid cells | superior meatus |
| Main supplier of blood to the nose | sphenopalatine artery |
| Minor blood supplier to the nose is from what? | nasal brs. of superior labial a., ethmoidal brs. of ophthalmis a., & greater palatine br. of maxillary a |
| Epistaxis means what? | nose bleed |
| 4 paired paranasal sinuses | Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid and Maxillary |
| Paranasal sinuses are lined by what? | respiratory mucosa |
| How does the frontal sinus drain? | frontonasal duct & ethmoidal infundibulum into middle meatus |
| How does the ethmoid sinus drain? | small ducts into middle and superior meatuses |
| How does the sphenoid sinus drain? | drains into sphenoethmoidal recess |
| How does the maxillary sinus drain? | infundibulum into middle meatus (sometimes directly into middle meatus |
| Nasopharynx extends from ____ to ____ | internal nares (choanae); free edge of soft palate |
| Floor of the nasopharynx | soft palate |
| Lateral walls of nasopharynx | pharyngeal muscles, ostia of auditory tubes and torus tubarius |
| Cartilaginous lip of auditory tube into nasopharynx and on the posterior lip of an ostium | torus tubarius |
| Roof of nasopharynx | sphenoid bone and pharyngeal tonsils |
| Smooth muscular tube with 15-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings | Trachea |
| Trachea is from ____ to ____ | lower border of cricoid; bronchi |
| Structures anterior to the trachea in the neck | sternohyoid, sternothyroid, isthmus of thyroid, thyroidea ima artery(if present) |
| Isthmus of thyroid gland is located where from the trachea | in front of 2nd and 3rd rings |
| Structures posterior to the trachea in the neck | esophagus |
| Structures lateral to the trachea in the neck | lobes of thyroid gland, carotid aa., recurrent laryngeal nn. |
| Structures anterior to the trachea in the thorax | thymus remains, left brachiocephalic v., origin of brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid a., arch of aorta and thyroidea ima artery(if present) |
| Structures on the right side of the trachea in the thorax | pleura, right vagus, right brachiocephalic v., SVC and root of azygos v. |
| Structures on the left side of the trachea in the thorax | left recurrent laryngeal n., arch of aorta, left common carotid a., and left subclavian a. |
| Where does trachea bifurcate at? | sternal angle or T4/5 disk level |
| Modified tracheal ring helping to support bifurcation | carina |
| Primary bronchi enter lungs where | at the hilus |
| Right primary bronchi is what compared to the left | shorter, wider and more vertical |
| Potential space between parietal and visceral(pulmonary) pleura | pleural cavity |
| Arch of the aorta pushes tracheal bifurcation slightly to ____(right/left) | right (Arch of Aorta loops over the left primary bronchus) |
| Reflections of parietal pleura which provide for expansion of lungs during inspiration | pleural recesses |
| Pleural recess that is circumferential(horizontal) in angle between thoracic wall and diaphragm | costodiaphragmatic recess |
| Pleural recess that is vertical, posterior to sternum, between thoracic wall and mediastinum | costomediastinal recess |
| Located between hilus and root of lung, represents reflection of mediastinal parietal pleura onto the lung | pulmonary ligament |
| Superior part of lung that projects through thoracic inlet about 1 in. above clavicle | apex of Lung |
| Parietal pleura extending over apex of lung | cupula/cupola |
| Part of lung that lies on diaphragm | base of lung |
| Right lung landmarks | cardiac impression; grooves for SVC, rt. brachiocephalic v., rt. subclavian a., azygos v., esophagus., IVC, trachea; hilum & pulmonary ligament |
| Left lung landmarks | cardiac impression with cardiac notch; grooves for arch of aorta, descending aorta, lt. subclavian a., lt brachiocephalic v., esophagus, trachea; hilum & pulmonary ligament |
| Lobes of the right lung | superior, middle and inferior |
| Lobes of the left lung | superier and inferior |
| Fissures of right lung | oblique and horizontal |
| Fissures of left lung | oblique |
| Anterioinferior part of the superior lobe of the left lung | lingula |
| Lingula of left lung is homologue to what of the right lung | middle lobe of the right lung |
| Collectively, the structures that pass through the hilus and what are these structures | root of the lung; bronchi, vessels, nerves & lymphatics |
| Portion of a lung supplied with air from a tertiary bronchus & its subsequent branches | bronchopulmonary segment |
| Respiratory diaphragm that arises from the xiphoid process & adjacent aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle | sternal portion |
| Respiratory diaphragm from cartilage and bony surfaces of ribs 7-12 | costal portion |
| Respiratory diaphragm arises from vertebral column as left and right crura and fascial thickenings | lumbar portion |
| Crura are united superiorly by what? | median arcuate ligament |
| Lies between the crura | aortic hiatus |
| Fascial thickening of diaphragm over the quadratus lumborum | lateral arcuate ligament |
| Fascial thickening of diaphragm over the psoas major | medial arcuate ligament |
| Hiatus for IVC's vertebral level | T8 |
| Esophageal hiatus vertebal level | T10 |
| Aortic hiatus vertebral level | T12 |
| Besides IVC, what goes through the IVC hiatus | terminal brs. of right phrenic nerve |
| Besides esophagus, what goes through the esophageal hiatus | R. & L. vagus nn. |
| Besides abdominal aorta, what goes through the aoritc hiatus | thoracic duct and sometimes the asygos vein |
| Where does the azygos vein pass through | sometimes the aortic hiatus but mostly the right crus of the diaphragm |
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