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social studies final
mr. syph 7-2 final stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The old kingdom 2700-2200 BC | Age of Pyramids when early pharaohs set up central govt |
| The Middle Kingdom 2000-1800 BC | Egyptians enjoyed many achievements in literature, art and architecture |
| The New Kingdom 1600-1100 BC | Egypt's Golden Age. Egypt reached it's height of power and had peace and stability |
| Khufu | Ruled in the old kingdom (2551-2528); built great pyramid of Giza, made himself a god |
| How long did it take to build the great Pyramid of Giza | 20 years, built by Khufu |
| Ramses II | Ruled in new kingdom (1290-1224); had 100+ wives, signed a peace treaty with Hihites, (babies, battles, buildings) Built temple of Abur Simbol |
| Senusret | Ruled in Middle Kingdom 1971-1926 BC. ruled stable and unified Egypt. Built White Chapel, arts thrived under his rule, built many religious monuments (temples and shrines) |
| Hatshepsut | Ruled in New Kingdon (1473-1458 BC) First female pharaoh promoted trade, Punt expedition, filled government with loyal advisors, temple at Dayr al-bahari |
| Valley of the Kings | 500 years (16th -11th BC) Tombs for pharaohs , opposite Thebes, opposite bank of the Nile, King Tut's tomb - undiscovered and preserved. all underground |
| Social Order | pharaohs were most important , gov't officials 2nd, priests 3rd, scribes 4th , artisans 5th and peasants were lowest |
| writing | done by scribes, respected and well paid. had to memorize 700 hieroglyphs ; done with reeds and papyrus |
| Dynasty | the line of heredity that rules a country; a family or group that ruled for several generations |
| geography | 3 main parts: mainland, peninsula, and the islands; surrounded by seas on 3 sides, many islands, not much flat land, no large rivers |
| Greek Colonies | promoted trade and farming, travel was hard, unpaved roads, isolated communities, farmers grew grapes and olives, lots of farmers, population increased - not enough room |
| democracy | all citizens share ruling power; assembly passed laws; all free men could vote; |
| Council of 500 | part of the democracy; ran daily business of government; made laws |
| Athens vs. Sparta | Sparta - isolated, didn't like outsiders, war lovers Athens - next to sea, encouraged visitors, focus on education/war - farmers, good citizens, traders and soldiers |
| Causes of the persian war | Ionians revolted - greece helps fight war with Persia Darius wants to conquer Greece - sent messengers that were thrown in wells. Darius sent soldiers to battle - greece helped then left. Ionia burned |
| Battle of marathon | 490 BCE - 15,000 foot soldiers and cavalry were sent across teh Aegean Sea by Darius - assembled on the plain of Marathon. Miltiades convinced the Athenians they had to fight Persians. Athenians, outnumbered, but won. Attacked Persians on 3 sides |
| Battle of Thermopylae | Leonides was Spartan King. Xerxes organized an attack; Athens(navy) and Sparta worked together. Traitor told Persians path through mountains - persians won with bottleneck |
| Battle of Salamis | 480 BCE, Athenians fled city and sailed to island - 2 weeks later Persians burned Athens. Greeks trapped Persians - Themistocles fought Persians in narrow channel near Salamis Greeks won |
| Battle of Platea | Brides were wrecked, Xerxes left Persians in Greece to train to fight Athenians; fought with Spartans; Cavelry was useless ; Persians lost; Greeks united. Last battle |
| Pericles | Inspired people of Athens to rebuild city - brought Athens to golden age - 460-429-BCE; built Parthenon; supporter of democracy; encouraged arts; protection; beautify (long walls, new buildings) |
| Philosophy | talked about world around them, nature, trading - Socrates encouraged questioning - other philosophers Plato and Aristotle love of wisdom |
| Peloponnesian War | 431 BCE Athens and Sparta grew into much conflict. Sparta won - lasted 27 years. Macedonia grew stronger - Sparta weaker. King Philip created well-trained army. Alexender took over after Philip died. Trapped Athens. |
| Alexander the great | Spreads Greek ideas. 20 years old - tutored by Aristotle in public speaking, science and philosophy. Burned towns who resisted power. GOAL - to bring different people of different cultures together under one government. Called himself a god |
| Geography | developed on Italian peninsula - long boot shaped. 2 major mountain ranges Loft and Alps (west to east) and Apennines . High and rocky coastline. PO and Tiber river - surrounded by hills |
| Romulus and Remus | mythical founders of Rome - twin brothers saved by wolf. Fought over who would rule Romulus won and killed brother. Founder of Rome |
| Patrician | wealthy land owners |
| Plebians | mostly peasants, laborers, craftspeople and shop keepers 95% of Roman population. Couldn't be priests or gov't officials. forced to serve in the army |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general attacked in second Punic War (218 BC) surprised Romans by marching into Rome with elephants. Returned to carthage - Carthage burned to ground |
| Punic Wars | wars fought with Carthage (city-state in North Africa) Fought for control of Mediteranian area (264-146 BC) First war at sea Rome won - Rome took Sicily. Second War marched to Italy, Rome won and got Spain and $$$. Carthage burned 50 years. |
| Pax Romana | Roman Peace - Mediterranean World at Peace for 200 years under Romes power. Augustus's reign a rebellion in East stopped. Britain to Red Sea. |
| Roman Buildings | colosseum - a large arena where gladiator games held Multiple recreation buildings; sewer pipes, circus maximus - large stadium used for Chariot Races |
| Jesus | founder of Christianity - life and teachings on which religion is based Born 6 BCE in Bethlehem; preached in modern day Israel - based teachings on Jewish beliefs. Son of God - betrayed by follower, tied to cross and killed , resurrected on Easter |
| Fall of Rome | political stability, military, religion, medical, sociological, economic and social issues - weakening frontiers were hard to defend |
| Caesar | Supreme priest, senator, first triumvirate, council, Governor of Gaul, Dictator and General. Death ends the republic. |
| Accomplishments of Caesar | controls debt, builds libraries, reduces unemployment, revises and renames calendar, reduces taxes and imports |
| Augustus | Caesar's adopted great nephew and heir. Senator, consul creator of Pax Romana - Accomplishments: first police force and fire brigade, connected roads to major cities, created the Piaetorian Guard (for his own protection) |
| Romulus Augustulus | Last emperor of the West - 10/11 years old 476 CE. Western Empire fell |
| Hadrian | Best known for Hadrian's wall - marking the Northern limit of Roman Britain. Rebuilt Pantheon - was gay - considered 3rd of 5 "good" emperors |
| Titus | First emperor to come into power after his father - 2nd "good' emperor. Destroyed the temple of Jeruseleum - completed construction of the colosseum |
| Vespasian | Founder of the Flavian - military commander conquered Britain and stopped rebellion in Judia. Began building colosseum. Known for financial reforms (after Nero) 1st "good" emperor |
| Nero | 6th emperor of Rome - wanted to be an artist not ruler . Did not start fire that burned 1/3 of Rome. Did not play the fiddle while Rome burned. His army revolts and he commits suicide |
| Agrippina the Younger | Mother of Nero who poisoned Claudius so Nero would become emperor . co-ruled empire with Nero who resented her controlling behavior. Nero had her killed |
| Claudius | 4th emperor of Rome. Co-council with Caligula. Accomplishments: ambisous builder (aqucladia), conquered Ghrace, Judia and some of Britain |
| Caligula | means little shoe/little boot. Mother Agrippima the Elder helped him into power by poisoning Tyberius. 3rd emperor of Rome, worked to make emperor have total power. crazy - senate had him killed |
| Constantine | known to Christians as Constantine the Great |
| Fertile Crescent | an arc shaped region in Southwest Asia with very rich soil known as Mesopotamia low plains; flat lands; little rain - Tigris and Euphrates River North of Arapian Pennisula |
| River Valley | Tigris and Euphrates river surrounded Mesopotamia. Rivers brought waters to plains during floods - dry for most of the year since water supply wasn't controlled well. In Southern Valley |
| Mesopotamia | geographical area between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Northern part hilly and rainy Souther part flat and very hot means land between 2 rivers |
| City States | small independent country with own laws and government. walled cities for protections 3000 BC most Sumerians lived inside city-states |
| Scribes | people who write - wrote down laws. Sumerians were first to come up with written law system |
| Religion | effected very part of life brought people together; constructed temples (ziggurats); believed Gods resided in temples. King was God |
| Ziggurat | religious temples and towers that kings built and maintained. Made of mud bricks; shrines on highest tiers - temple for worship |
| Inventions | Sumerians invente the wheel Sumerians built arches by using keystones to add strength and stability Invented plow, chariot and irragation systems |
| Cuneiform | writing that uses wedge shaped characters based off pictographs first used to record goods exchanged created by Sumerians - started with 2000 characters and reduced to 700 |
| Akkadian Accomplishments | language (took over Sumerian language) 3-d art sculptures Steles Ruled by Sargon, skilled military leader, for 156 years First Empire |
| Hammurabi | King of Babylon - conquered the rest of Mesopotamia Wrote code of laws 1792-1750 BC covering trade, work payment, marriage, divorce and armies Used the code to unify empire and preserve order |
| Siege Weapons | army soldiers camped outside city and repeatedly attacked until city fell. First to use battering rams built movable towers that rolled up to city walls |
| Assyrian Accomplishments | built palaces in honor of gods; built first aqueducts bas-reliefs 2D realistic sculpture lasted 300 years controlled from Egypt ot Persian Gulf |
| Babylonian Accomplishments | lush gardens watering systems skilled in astronomy and math created first sundial - 60 min/hour and 7 days/week modern calendar hanging gardens and ishtar gate |
| Geography of Egypt | lots of desert; little vegetation (scrubs), rich soil in Nile valley; hot and dry; surrounded by desert. Nile flows North and brings silt Desert was protection |
| Roman Republic | form of government which leaders are elected to represent people |
| Tribune | official of Rome elected by Plebians to represent them |
| Civic Duty | right to participate in government |
| constitution | a set of basic laws |
| veto | to refuse to approve proposals of government |
| Senate | group of 500 men elect ed to govern Rome |
| Consul | one of a chief leader in Rome |
Created by:
jbd1
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