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Digestive System
Anat Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Accessory glands of the digestive system | salivary glands, liver and pancreas |
| Walls of the intestine (inner to outer) | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa or adventita |
| Intrinsic skeletal muscles do what and are what? | modify shape of tongue; superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical |
| Extrinsic skeletal muscles of the tongue | genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, chondroglossus, palatoglossus |
| genioglossus (O, I, A) | O - superior genial tubercle(sup. mental spine) I - hyoid bone and entire length of tongue A - Ant. fibers: retract Post. fibers: protract and depress |
| styloglossus (O, I, A) | O - stylohyoid process I - side of tongue(lat to hyoglossus) A - retracts and elevates tongue |
| hyoglossus (O, I, A) | O - hyoid bone I - side of tongue(med. to styloglossus) A - depresses tongue |
| Which extrinsic tongue muscle is considered a subdivsion of hyoglossus and has a similar action? | chondroglossus |
| Which extrinsic tongue muscles is not always present? | chondroglossus |
| chondroglossus (O, I) | O - hyoid bone I - side of tongue deep to hyoglossus |
| Which extrinsic tongue muscle is more closely associated with muscles of the soft palate? | palatoglossus |
| Innervation of all the muscles(intrinsic and extrinsic) of the tongue except which one? | hypoglossal nerve(CN 12); palatoglossus |
| Innervation of the palatoglossus | pharyngeal plexus(cranial 11 via 10) |
| 3 portions of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
| Portion of the pharynx that is part of the respiratory system | nasopharynx |
| Portion of the pharynx that is above the soft palate | nasopharynx |
| Portion of the pharynx between the lower edge of soft palate to level of hyoid | oropharynx |
| Portion of the pharynx from hyoid to lower border of cricoid cartilage(C6) | laryngopharynx |
| Aperture by which the oral cavity communicates with the pharynx | Fauces |
| Borders of the Fauces | roof = soft palate & uvula floor = dorsum of the tongue laterally = palatoglossal arches, palatopharyngeal arches and palatine tonsils |
| Depressions just anterior to upper edge of epiglottis | Valleculae |
| palatoglossal muscle(O, I, A, N) | O - palatine aponeurosis of soft palate I - side of posterior tongue A - pulls root of tongue upward and backward N - pharyngeal plexus(11 via 10) |
| The palatoglossal arches are formed by what? | palatoglossal muscles being covered in mucosa |
| Musculus Uvulae Muscle(O, I, A, N) | O - palatine aponeurosis of soft palate I - into uvula A - assists in closing nasopharynx during swallowing N - pharyngeal plexus |
| Two muscles of the oropharynx | Palatoglossal Muscles and Musculus Uvulae Muscle |
| Spinal level that the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone are at | C4 & C5; C3 |
| Purpose of the epiglottis | helps guard inlet to larynx; diverts food through piriform recesses |
| Muscle categories of the pharynx and their general actions | outer circular - contracts pharynx in swallowing inner longitudinal - elevates larynx and pharynx in swallowing |
| Outer circular muscles of the pharynx | superior constrictor, middle constrictor and inferior constrictor |
| Inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx | palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus |
| superior constrictor(location and innervation) | base of skull and mandible to posterior median raphe; pharyngeal plexus(9 & 10) |
| middle constrictor(location and innervation) | horns of hyoid to posterior median raphe; pharyngeal plexus(9 & 10) |
| inferior constrictor(location and innervation) | laryngeal cartilages to posterior median raphe; pharyngeal plexus(9 & 10) |
| palatopharyngeus(location and innervation) | soft palate to thyroid cartilage; pharyngeal plexus(11 via 10) |
| salpingopharyngeus(location and innervation) | auditory tube to palatopharyngeus; pharyngeal plexus |
| stylopharyngeus(location and innervation) | styloid process to thyroid cartilage; CN 12 |
| Esophagus is posterior to ____ & ____. | trachea; left atrium of heart |
| Esophagus extends from where to where | pharynx to stomach |
| 4 constrictions of the esophagus before it joins the stomach | behind the cricoid cartilage, where arch of aorta crosses, crossing of left primary bronchus and esophageal hiatus of diaphragm |
| Average capacity, shape and position of the stomach. | About 1 liter; J shaped; in epigastric and left hypochondriac regions of abdomen; supported by peritoneum(lesser omentum) |
| Indefinite area adjacent to the cardiac orifice of the stomach | cardia |
| Part above esophageal opening of the stomach | fundus |
| Cardiac notch is at the junction with the what? | esophagus |
| Pylorus next to the body of the stomach | pyloric antrum |
| Pylorus that is more constricted and is surrounded by a pyloric orifice(opening into duodenum) | pyloric canal |
| Sphincter that guards opening of esophagus into stomach, what type of sphincter is this? | cardiac sphincter; physiological sphincter |
| Sphincter that guards opening of pylorus into duodenum, what type of sphincter is this? | pyloric sphincter; anatomical sphincter |
| Difference between an anatomical sphincter and physiological sphincter? | Anatomical sphincter has an increased thickness of smooth muscle compared to the physiological sphincter |
| Stomach muscular coats: inner: middle: outer: | inner: oblique smooth muscle middle: circular smooth muscle outer: longitudinal smooth muscle |
| What part or parts of the small intestine are retroperitoneal? Why? | Duodenum; It travels around the head of the pancreas |
| Portion of the duodenum that is from pylorus to superior duodenal flexure | Superior Portion |
| What vessel passes posteriorly to the superior portion of the duodenum? | gastroduodenal artery |
| Portion of the duodenum that is from the superior duodenal flexure to the inferior duodenal flexure | Descending Portion |
| What forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla(of Vater)? | common bile duct and major/chief pancreatic duct |
| What opens into the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla? What portion of the duodenum? | hepatopancreatic ampulla(of Vater); descending portion |
| The terminal ends of both ducts and the ampulla are surrounded by circular smooth muscle fibers called what? | sphincter of Oddi(Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla) |
| Explain the location of the horizontal portion of the duodenum | From the inferior duodenal flexure to the ascending portion of the duodenum(just to left edge of aorta) |
| What passes anteriorly to the horizontal portion of the duodenum? | superior mesenteric artery and vein |
| Explain the ascending portion of the duodenum | begins on left edge of aorta and ascends to join the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure |
| The duodenojejunal flexure is held in place by what? This also has attachments to what? | ligament of Treitz(suspensory ligament of the duodenum; celiac trunk and right crus of the diaphragm |
| The jejunum has what compared to the ilium | wider lumen, thicker walls, larger villi, more vascularity, more and larger plicae circulares, longer, larger and less numerous vasa recta and less complex arterial arcades |
| Peyer's patches are present where? | Ileum |
| What and where are both ileum and jejunum attached? | Mesentary attaches them both to the posterior abdominal wall |
| 4 parts of the large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal |
| Whats at the junction of the ileum and cecum? | ileocecal valve |
| Region below the ileocecal valve | cecum |
| What bears the vermiform appendix? | cecum |
| Ascending colon is from ____ to ____ | cecum to right colic(hepatic) flexure |
| Ascending colon is retroperitoneal or peritoneal | retroperitoneal |
| Transverse colon is from ____ to ____ | right colic(hepatic) flexure to left colic(splenic) flexure |
| The transverse colon is suspended by a mesentery called what? | transverse mesocolon |
| Descending colon is retroperitonial or peritoneal | retroperitoneal |
| The descending colon is from ____ to ____ | left colic(splenic) flexure to the sigmoid colon |
| Sigmoid colon is suspended by a mesentery called what? | sigmoid mesocolon |
| The sigmoid colon is from ____ to ____ | pelvic brim to rectum(at level of S3) |
| Major structures common to all parts of colon | taeniae coli, haustrae coli(haustra), semilunar folds and appendices epeploicae |
| 3 bands of outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer in the colon | taeniae coli |
| Sacculations of the colon | haustrae coli(haustra) |
| Edges of colon between haustra which project into lumen | semilunar folds |
| Small fat-filled pouches of peritoneum hanging from the free surface of colon | appendices epiploicae |
| What part of the rectum is retroperitoneal? | upper part |
| Rectum begins where and ends where? | rectosigmoid junction(S3); anal canal(pelvic diaphragm) |
| What are the 3 transverse rectal folds that project into rectal lumen called? | Valves of Houston |
| Begins at upper surface of pelvic diaphragm and ends at anus | Anatomical Anal Canal |
| Begins at pectinate line and ends at the anus | Clinical/surgical Anal Canal |
| Muscles of the anal canal | sphincter ani internus and sphincter ani externus |
| Sphincter ani internus is an involuntary or voluntary muscle, why? | involuntary muscle b/c it consists of smooth muscle |
| Sphincter ani externus is an involuntary or voluntary muscle, why? | voluntary muscle b/c it consists of skeletal muscle |
| Cavity in which the abdominal organs lie and is formed by muscular walls | Abdominal Cavity |
| Parietal Peritoneum | lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity |
| Visceral Peritoneum | covers the surfaces of many abdominal viscera |
| Does the visceral peritoneum cover all abdominal viscera? | No, it does not cover retroperitoneal viscera |
| What is the peritoneal cavity and what lies int it? | A potential space between visceral and parietal peritoneum. No organs lie within this cavity(except ovaries), contains serous fluid |
| 2 parts of the peritoneal cavity | greater sac and lesser sac/omental bursa |
| The main peritoneal compartment of the peritoneal cavity | greater sac |
| Smaller peritoneal compartment | lesser sac/omental bursa |
| Where does the lesser sac/omental bursa usually lie? | Predominately behind the stomach |
| What is the epiploic foramen(of Winslos) | Opening between omental bursa/lesser sac and greater sac |
| Which part of the peritoneal cavity contains a upper and lower recess? | Lesser Sac/Omental Bursa |
| Define retroperitoneal | Certain organs that lie deep to the PARIETAL peritoneum. Retro. organs do NOT have a mesentary. |
| Double-layer of serous membrane(double-layer of peritoneum in abdominal cavity) | Mesentary |
| T/F: Mesentary attaches a viscus to the abdominal wall | True |
| T/F: Mesentary provides the organ's some support and no mobility | False - provides for the organs support with some mobility |
| Mesentary provides a route for what to and from the organ | blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics |
| Mesentary that attaches the small intestine to posterior abdominal wall | mesentary proper |
| Mesentary which passes from the stomach to another abdominal viscus is called what? | Omentum(special mesentary) |
| From greater curvature of the stomach, hangs down anteriorly to small intestine and is attached to the inferior border of the transverse colon | Greater Omentum |
| Ligament in the greater omentum, what does it attach to? | gastrocolic ligament; stomach and transverse colon |
| From lesser curvature of stomach and 1st inch of duodenum to liver | Lesser Omentum |
| Two parts of the lesser omentum | hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament |
| Hepatogastric ligament connects what? What does it contain? | stomach to liver; gastric vessels |
| Hepatoduodenal ligament connects what? What does it contain? | duodenum to liver; common bile duct, portal vein and hepatic artery, lymphatics and nerves |
| Gasrosplenic ligament connects | mesentary from stomach to spleen |
| Splenorenal ligament connects | mesentary from spleen to area just anterior to kidney |
| Falciform ligament connects | mesentary from liver to anterior abdominal wall |
| Ant. and Post. coronary ligaments connects | surrounding the bare area of liver; from liver to diaphragm |
| Largest gland and internal organ of the body | Liver(about 4 lbs) |
| T/F: Liver is retroperitoneal | False - It is not |
| Visceral surface of liver faces where? | inferior and medial to the left |
| All structures entering or leaving the liver pass through this opening | porta hepatis(hilus) |
| Impressions of the liver include what? | stomach, duodenum, right colic flexure, right kidney and right adrenal gland |
| Liver includes a sulcus for what and fossa for what? | IVC; Gall Bladder |
| 2 lobes(right and left) of the liver, which ones bigger? | large right lobe |
| What seperates the two lobes of the liver? | falciform ligament on anterior side |
| Area of the liver NOT covered by visceral peritoneum, why? | Bare area; this area comes into direct contact with the central tendon of the diaphragm |
| Endocrine gland of the pancreas is called what? | islets of Langerhans |
| Exocrine gland of the pancreas is called what? | acinar pancreas |
| Is the pancreas is retroperitoneal? | Yes |
| Ducts of the pancreas? | major/chief(of Wirsung) and minor/accessory(of Santorini) |
| Surface of the liver the opposes the respiratory diaphragm | Diaphragmatic surface |
| Large right lobe of the liver is separated into two other lobes, what are they? | quadrate and caudate lobe |
| Which sub lobe of the liver is anterior to porta hepatis? | Quadrate Lobe |
| Which sub lobe of the liver is posterior to the porta hepatis? | Caudate Lobe |
| Vertical fold of mucosa in median plane of mouth extending between lips and gum | Labial Frenulum |
| Mucosa around teeth | Gingiva |
| Vertical fold of mucosa in median plane of mouth extending between the inferior surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth | Lingual Frenulum |
| Anterior tip of tongue | Apex |
| Most of tongue; extends from apex to root | Body of tongue |
| Posterior part of tongue | Root of tongue |
| Most of the root of the tongue's surface is covered by what? | lingual tonsil |
| Extending upward behind the root of the tongue is what? | epiglottis |
| Is the epiglottis part of the tongue? | No, it's part of the larynx |
| A groove extending along the median line of the body of tongue | Median Sulcus |
| Median sulcus ends just____(ant/post) to the root of the tongue in a small depression termed the ____ | Anterior; Foramen Cecum |
| A groove on the dorsum of the tongue running forward and lateralward on either side to margin of tongue (invereted V) | Terminal Sulcus |
| The terminal sulcus separates what from what of the tongue? | posterior 1/3 from anterior 2/3 of tongue |
| 3 major salivary glands? | Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual |
| Which gland is located just anterior to ear, between skin and masseter muscle? | Parotid Gland |
| The ____ duct, passes superficial to the masseter, then through the buccinator to enter the mouth | Parotid Duct |
| The parotid duct enters the mouth via what? | A small papilla near the upper 2nd molar |
| Which gland is easily palpated as a soft mass located medial to the lower lateral border of the body of the mandible? | Submandibular Gland |
| The ____ duct runs anteriorly to open into the floor of the mouth as a small caruncula just lateral to the lingual frenulum | Submandibular Duct |
| Gland that is located under the tongue in the floor of the mouth | Sublingual Gland |
| The sublingual gland is covered by a horizontal fold of mucosa called what and secretes through this fold via numerous small what? | Sublingual Fold; Sublingual Ducts |
| Another name for the following: parotid duct - submandibular duct - sublingual duct - | Stensen's; Wharton's; ducts of Rivinus |
| Minor salivary glands: | palatine, lingual, buccal, labial and molar |
| Minor salivary gland in the palate | palatine |
| Minor salivary gland in the inferior tongue | lingual |
| Minor salivary gland deep to the inner surface of cheeks | buccal |
| Minor salivary gland withing the inner surface of lips | labial |
| Minor salivary gland posterior to lower 3rd molar | Molar |
| How man deciduous teeth are there, how many in each quadrant? | 20; 5 in each quadrant |
| Usually all the deciduous teeth have erupted by when? | By 2 years of age |
| Deciduous teeth beginning at the median plane are as follows: | Central Incisor, Lateral Incisor, Cuspid(canine), 1st Molar, 2nd Molar |
| How many permanent teeth are there and how many in each quadrant? | 32; 8 in each quadrant |
| The permanent teeth erupt during ages ____ up to ____, but replace the deciduous during ages ____. | 6-17; 25; 7-12 |
| Permanent teeth at the median plane are as follows: | Central Incisor, Lateral Incisor, Cuspid(canine), 1st Bicuspid(1st premolar), 2nd Bicupsid(2nd prmolar), 1st Molar, 2nd Molar, 3rd Molar(wisdom tooth) |
| Dental Forumula | I2/2, C1/1, B2/2, M3/3 = 16 |
| The incisors have how many roots? | 1 root |
| The cuspids have how many roots and which one is the longest? | 1 root; maxillary cuspid |
| Which bicupsid is the only one with 2 roots? | Maxillary 1st bicupsid |
| Usually maxillary molars have __ roots and mandibular molars have __ roots | 3;2 |
| Permanent incisors replace which deciduous teeth | deciduous incisors |
| Permanent cuspids replace which deciduous teeth | deciduous cuspids |
| Permanent bicupsids replace which deciduous teeth | deciduous molars |
| Permanent molars replace which deciduous teeth | replace no deciduous teeth |
| 3 parts of the tooth | crown, neck and root |
| Portion of the tooth covered by enamel | anatomical crown |
| Portion of the anatomical crown exposed to oral cavity | clinical crown |
| Part of tooth between anatomical crown and root | neck |
| Part of tooth that anchors tooth to jaw | root |
| hardest and densest part of the tooth | enamel |
| Makes up the bulk of the tooth | dentin |
| Dentin has a resemblance to bone in hardness, but differs in structure - It's covered by ___ over the crown and ___ over the root | enamel; cement(cementum) |
| Located in the center of the tooth and deep to the dentin. What does it contain? | Pulp Cavity; blood vessels, nerves and CT |
| The pulp cavity extends down into the roots as the what? | Root Canals |
| Openings through which blood vessels and nerves enter the pulp cavity in the tips of the roots | Apical Foramina |
| Covers the root of the tooth and attaches it to the surrounding tissues of the alveolar socket | Cement(cementum) |
| Collagenous fibers located between the cement of the root and the periosteum of the alveolar socket wall | Periodontal Membrane |
| Junction of cement and enamal | Cervical Line(cemento-enamel juncture) |
| Crevice created when gingiva is gently pulled away from the crown of the tooth | Gingival Sulcus |
| Crevis that can trap food debris and bacteria that leads to gingivitis | Gingivial Sulcus |
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