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Biochem 2 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All reactions of glycolysis occur in the? | Cytoplasm |
| In glycolysis, glucose (C6) is converted to? | 2 pyruvate (C3) |
| In glycolysis, how much energy is made? | Small amount |
| Preparatoy phase in glycolysis, how much energy is invested? | 2 ATP |
| What happens in PREPARATORY phase in glycolysis? | Phosporylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
| What happens in PAYOFF phase in glycolysis? | Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate and the couple formation of ATP & NADH |
| End result of glycolysis? | 2 pyruvate per glucose |
| Starting point of gluconeogenesis? | Pyruvate |
| Ending point of gluconeogenesis? | Glucose |
| Where is gluconeogenesis found? | Mainly in liver/Hepatocytes/renal cortex |
| NET energy requirement in gluconeogenesis? | 6 ATP/glucose (4ATP+2GTP) |
| What enzyme occurs exclusively in matrix of mitochondria? | Pyruvate carboxylase |
| Enzymes are __ dependent? | Mg |
| PEP carboxylase can be found? | In cytosolic and/or mitochondria |
| Define Isoenzyme? | Enzymes that catalyze same reaction (same substrate & same product) in different cell compartments or tissues. They are encoded by separate genes. |
| Examples of Isoenzyme? | Mitochondria/catosolic: PEP carboxylase, Malate dehydrogenase |
| ANABOLIC pathways need ___ and ____. | ATP and reduced E- carriers |
| CATABOLIC pathways PRODUCE ___ and YEILD __. | ATP and reduced E- carriers |
| Lactate is formed in what two things? | Anaerobic skeletal muscle and RBC(does not have mitochondria) |
| Lactate can be recycled back to what? | Back to glucose in the liver |
| The Anaerobic breakdown of glucose in skeletal muscle and the recycling of its product to glucose in the liver is called? | Cori cycle |
| What is the cost of ATP in Cori cycle? | 2 ATP |
| Where is glycogen stored? | Liver and skeletal muscle |
| What type of energy storage is glycogen? | Short term energy storage |
| Glucose from glycogen enters glycolytic pathways through action of 3 enzymes? | (1)glycogen phosphorylase (2)glycogen debranching enzyme (3)phosphoglucomutase |
| Glycogen breakdown = | Glycogenolysis |
| What occurs during glycogenolysis? | In the liver, when blood glucose drops, glucose 6-phopsphate can get converted back to glucose by GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATASE (in ER) |
| Glycogen synthesis is prominent where? | In liver and skeletal muscle |
| What is the starting point of glycogen synthesis? | Glucose 6-phosphate |
| Glycogen synthesis: Glucose-6-P <==> Glucose-1-P | Phosphoglucomutase |
| Glycogen synthesis: Glucose-1-P + UTP <==> UDP-glucose+PPi | UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase |
| Glycogen synthase adds glucose to? | Adds glucose to a nonreducing end of a branched glycogen molecule |
| Glycogen branching enzyme...? | Creates alpha1-->6 branches |
| Glycogenin catalyzes... | Catalyzes the synthesis of a (alpha1->4)polyglucose primer |
| Other names for pentose pathway? | Phosphogluconate pathway and hexose monophosphate pathway |
| Significance of ribose-5-phosphate? | High demand in fast dividing tissues |
| What is glutathione? | Antioxidant |
| The oxidative phase of Pentose Phosp. pathway has how many enzymatic steps? | 4 steps. 2 are redox reactions |
| Oxidative phase of pentose phosp pathway is located where? | In cytoplasm |
| The first 3 steps in the oxidative phase of pentose phosp pathway are dependent on what? | Mg dependent |
| What is the firs step (point of regulation) in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosp pathway? | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| The nonoxidative phase of pentose phos pathway occurs where? | In tissues that require primarily NADPH |
| What is the purpose of the nonoxidative phase of pentose phos pathway? | Recyling of pentose phosphates |
| Enzymes involved in the nonoxidative phase of pentose phos pathway? | Transketolase and Transaldose |
| Transketolase is dependent on what? | TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) Vitamin B1 |
| Mobilize fats are stored in? | Adipocytes |
| Where are excess carbohydrates converted? | In liver |
| What two organs primarily rely on fatty acids for energy? | Liver and Heart |
| 1st step in digestion in small intestine? | Bile salts emulsify fats forming MICELLES |
| 2nd step in digestion in small intestine? | Intestinal lipases degrade triacylglycerols |
| 3rd step in digestion in small intestine? | Fatty acids and others take up by intestinal mucosa and converted into triacylglycerols |
| 4th step in digestion in small intestine? | Triacylglycerol are incorporated with CHOLESTEROL and APOLIPOPROTEINS into CHYLOMICRONS |
| 5th step in digestion in small intestine? | CHYLOMICRONS move though the lymp and bloodstream to tissues |
| 6th step in digestion in small intestine? | Lipoprotein LIPASE activated by APOC-II in the capillary |
| When lipase is activated by APOC-II, what happens? | Converts triacylglycerols to fatty acids and glycerol |
| 7th step in digestion in small intestine? | Fatty acids enter cells |
| 8th step in digestion in small intestine? | Fatty aids are oxidized as fuel or reesterified for storage |
| What is inside the chylomicron? | Hydrophobic cholesterol ESTERS |
| What is outside the chylomicron? | Hydrophilic CHOLESTEROL |
| What is mobilization of stored triacylglycerols trigged by? | Glucagon and Epinephrine |
| What triggers glucagon? | Low blood glucose |
| What triggers epinephrine? | Exercising |
| Hormones lead to activation of? | Hormone sensitive lipase |
| Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed into? | 3 fatty acids and glycerol |
| Free fatty acids bind to what blood protein? | Serum albumin |
| Two ways FFA transported into mitochondria? | Activation and Carnitine shuttle |
| 3 stages of oxidation of fatty acids? | (1)beta oxidation (2)citric acid cycle (3)respiratory chian |
| B-oxidation of SATURATED fatty acids have how many steps? | 4 enzymantic steps, 2 which are OXIdative |
| B-oxidation of SATURATED fatty acids results in? | Formation of acetyl-CoA |
| CoA-Sh is dependent on what? | Pantothenic Acid |
| Each cycle of B-oxidation yields? | 1 FADH, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA |
| In UNsaturateed Fatty acids, if double bond in wrong position (odd #)? | Moved to B-position |
| Polyunsaturation requires REDUCTION of double bonds catalyzed by NADPH dependent enzyme? | 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase |
| Odd number fatty acids are found in? | Plants and marine organisms |
| What is the shortest odd number fatty acid? | Propionate (C3) - found in milk/meat |
| Total ATP yield from glycerol? | 16 1/2 - 18 1/2 |
| Ketones present during? | Starvation or uncontrolled diabetes |
| Ketones formed from? | Acetyl-CoA |
| Ketones found in? | Matrix of mitochondria in hepatocytes |
| Where are ketones exported? | To extrahepatic tissue for energy production |
| What is the first ketone formed? | Acetoacetate |
| Acetoacetate divides into? | Acetone and D-B-Hydroxybutyrate |
| Glycogen is a ___ polysaccharide | Branched homo- |
| Glycogen is stored in? | Liver and skeletal muscle |
| What enzyme is found only in glycogen catabolism ? | Glycogen phosphorylase |
| Products of the pentose phosphate pathway are used as? | Nucleotide building blocks, antioxidants, and electron donors in biosynthetic processes |
| What metabolite is found in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and pentose phos? | Glucose-6-phosphate |
| FFA gets transported from adipose tissue to energy requiring tissues by? | Bound to albuim |
| Energy cost to activate a fatty acid to fatty acyl-CoA? | 2 ATP |
| Through B-oxidation fatty acids are? | Oxidized to acetyl-CoA |
| Where does B-oxidation occur? | In mitochondria |
| Fatty acid synthesis occurs mainly in the? | Liver |
| What elongates the fatty acyl group during fatty acid synthesis? | Malonyl-CoA |
| Carboxylase are dependent on what? | Biotin |
| Biosynthesis of fatty acids is located in? | Tissues: Liver and adipose tissues within the cytoplasm |
| Enzymes of biosynthesis of fatty acids? | fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
| What is one fatty acid that is synthesized? | Palmite |
| Transporter of acetyl-CoA? | None |
| NAD+ is dependent on what? | Niacin |
| NADP+ is dependent on what? | Nitacin |
| Synthases _____ use ATP | DO NOT directly use ATP |
| SynthOtase ___ ATP | Use ATP |
| Formation of malonyl-CoA is done by what enzyme? | Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase **7ATP/palmite** |
| Formation of fatty acid synthesis is done by what enzyme? | Fatty acid synthase which is dependent on NADPH (Niacin dependent) |
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