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Physio 1 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define homeostasis? | Stable operating conditions in internal environments |
| Give 3 examples of homeostasis? | (1) sensory receptor cells- brain (2) integrators- brain and spinal cord which direct impulse (3) effectors- muscles and glands which perform action |
| How much fluid in ICF? | 2/3 |
| How much fluid in ECF? | 1/3 |
| What is the ECF made of? | 1/4 plasma & 3/4 interstitial fluid |
| Define negative feedback? | Keeps things constant. Most homeostatic control mechanisms |
| Define positive feedback? | Does NOT result in homeostasis. Response change the variable even more in same direction |
| What ions are high OUTSIDE the cell? What direction do they move? | Na, Ca, Cl . Moves IN |
| What ions are high INSIDE the cell? What direction do they move? | K, Mg. Moves OUT |
| Define depolarization? How is it done? | More positive or less negative. Done by: K channels close, Ca comes in, Na comes in |
| When Na is balanced by a negative charge by Cl or a protein, this is called? | Gibbs-Donan equilibrium |
| Define osmosis? | Diffusion of water from high concentration to low contraption until water is equally distributed |
| K and Mg are balanced by? | Proteins and phosphates |
| Na is balanced by? | Cl an Hco3 |
| Define diffusion? | Movement of ions from high concentration to low concentration until ions are equally distributed....no energy required |
| Peripheral proteins are found in where? | ICF |
| Integral proteins are found where? | Both ICF & ECF....channel proteins |
| In the cell membrane ___ soluble pass easily | Lipid (CO2, O2, Fatty acids, steroids) |
| In the cell membrane ___ soluble must have a transported in order to cross | Water (transporters: glucose, amino acids, Ca, H) |
| Define secondary active transport? | Transport of 2 or more salutes is coupled. INDIRECTLY uses ATP. Ex: Na/K pump |
| Define primary active transport? | Move against gradient (low to high). DIRECTLY uses ATP. |
| Define simple diffusion? | Moves down gradient. NO energy required. |
| Define facilitated diffusion? | Moves down gradient. Uses a membrane carrier. ( saturation, stereo specificity, competition) |
| Define co-transport? | Symport. Form of secondary active transport. Same direction as Na (up hill) |
| Define counter transport? | Antiport. Form of secondary active transport. Opposite direction of Na. One moving in for exchange of another |
| Define electrengenic ? | Potential difference with low Na outside and high K inside. Ex: PMCA, SERCA, H K ATPASE |
| Define HYPOtonic? | Solution with lower concentration of solutes = more water. Water ENTERS the cell. Lower concentration of ions in solution than in cell |
| Define HYPERtonic? | Solution with greater concentration of solutes= less water. Water LEAVES the cell. Greater concentration of ions in solution than in cell. |
| Define hyperpolarization? | Make membrane potential more negative. Two channels open: K leak and voltage gated K |
| Define threshold potential? | Is less negative than resting |
| Define refractory period? | Either ABSOLUTE or RELATIVE. No AP can occur. |
| Depolarization occurs first followed by... | Repolarization, hyperpolarization, back to resting |
| Resting membrane potential is established by? | Diffusion potential |
| What ion is responsible for upstroke? | Voltage gated Na (in nerve and skeletal) |
| Na/K pump is an example of what kind of protein? | Inegreal protein |
| Define absolute refractory period? | Overlaps with almost the entire duration of the AP. Basis is closure of the inactivation gates of Na channels in response to depolarization. |
| Define relative refractory period? | Begins at the END of absolute refractory period and overlaps primarily with the period of hyperpolarization after potential. Basis is higher K conduction than is present at rest. |
| Nodes of Ranvier have high or low resistance? | Low membrane resistance |
| What is a gap junction and where are they found? | A low resistance pathway bw cells. Found in cardiac m and smooth m. Very fast conduction. |
| Define chemical synapse? | Gap bw the presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell (synaptic cleft) |
| Excited neurotransmitters ___ postsynaptic cell | Depolarize |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters ___ postsynaptic cell | Hyperpolarize |
| Action of botulinus toxin? | Blocks AcH release from presynaptic terminal |
| Action of curare? | Competes with AcH for receptors on motor end plate |
| Action of neostigmine? | AcH-E (anticholinesterases)inhibitor |
| Action of hemicholinium? | Blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal |
| Define EPSP - Excitatory postsynaptic potential? | Depolarize the postsynaptic cell, bring close to threshold, close to firing an AP |
| How is a EPSP produced? | By opening Na and K channels |
| Examples of EPSP? | AcH, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glutatmate, serotonin |
| Define IPSP - Inhibitory postsynaptic potential? | Hyperpolarize postsynaptic cell, taking membrane potential AWAY from threshold and AWAY from firing an AP |
| How is IPSP produced? | By opening C1 channels |
| Examples of IPSP? | Aminobutyric acid, GABA, glycine |
| Criteria for being a neurotransmitter? | Formed in presynaptic terminal then must be degraded. |
| Define serotonin? | Found in brain and GI tract. Precursor to melatoin in pineal gland. |
| Define Glutamate? | Excitatory. In spinal cord and cerebellum. 4 types (3 ionotropic, 1 metabotropic) |
| Define ionontropic? | Type of glutamate. Ligand gated channels, ex: NMDA |
| Define metabotopic? | Type of glutamate. Coupled by a G protein to ion channels |
| Define Gylcine? | Inhibitory. Brain stem and spinal cord. Increase cl conductance. |
| Define GABA? | Inhibitory. No metabolic function. Linked to Cl channel and K channel |
| Define Nitrus oxide? | Inhibiroty. In GI and CNS. No packaging. Histamines. |
| Skeletal M is under what control and innervated by what kind of neuron? | Voluntary control, innervated by a motor neuron |
| Define excitation contraction coupling? | Between AP in muscle fiber and contracting muscle fiber |
| Define THICK filaments? | Myosin, 2 heads & 1 tail, 2 binding sites: actin & ATP |
| Define thin filaments? | Actin, tropomyosin, troponin |
| Define scaffold proteins? | Support proteins. Ex: dystrophin, titin, nebulun, actin |
| Define tropomysion? | Prevent binding of myosin to actin |
| Define troponin C? | Initiates Contraction |
| Define troponin I? | Helps tropomyosin INHIBIT binding of myosin to actin |
| Define troponin T? | Connects tropomyosin to TROPONIN complex |
| Define A bands? | Contain THICK filaments. Thin and thick may overlap here=cross bridge formation. |
| Define I bands? | THIN filaments only. On either side of A bands. |
| Define Z disk? | Runs along middle of I band |
| Define sarcomere? | Base unit of contractile muscle |
| Define bare zone? | THICK filaments only. Center of sarcomere |
| Define M line? | In bare zone, connects thick |
| Define T-tubules? | Carry depolarization from AP at muscle cell surface to interior fibers |
| Define SR? | Site of Ca storage |
| Define SERCA? | Stores Ca in SR/pumps out Ca in SR when needed |
| What are the 3 things you need for excitation contracting coupling? | (1) AP (2)Release of CA (3)Tension |
| Define isometric? | Tension, NO change in length |
| Define isotonic? | Tension, change in length |
| Is smooth m striated? | No |
| Where can smooth m be found? | GI, bladder, uterus |
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