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ocupation, air, nois
chapters 10 and 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| NIOSH | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
| OSHA act | 1970- Department of Labor |
| Niosh conducts | research on health effects |
| hazard communication standard year and purpose | 1983- MSDS |
| records of exposure for employees kept for | 30 years after leaving the job |
| normal atmospheric air oxygen percentage | 21% |
| minimum amount of o2 to support life | 16% |
| 3 types of air pollutants are | organic gases, inorganic gases and aerosols |
| air pollutant from combustion | nitrogen oxide |
| sulfer oxide and particulates lead to more | chronic obstructive lung disease |
| Carbon monoxide is a significant problem with | drivers over periods of exposure |
| harmful to plants | hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, smog, ozone and ethylne |
| organic gases (examples) | hydrocarbons, paraffins, olefms, aromatics, oxygenated hydrocarbons (aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids) |
| primary source of hydrocarbons | gasoline as a fuel for motor vehicles |
| hydrocarbons and drivitabes react with atmospheric chemicals and produce | effects associated with photochemical smog |
| hydrocarbons react with atomic oxygen in presence of sunlight or with ozone to produce | aerosols |
| inorganic gases (examples) | oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, carbon monoxide (also ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine) |
| photochemical smog | nitrogen oxide (NOx) from autos |
| NOx refers to | NO and NO2 from autos |
| NAAQS (Nat'l Ambient Air Quality Standards) 6 | particulate matter of 10 microns or less (PM10) ozone (o3) lead (Pb) sulfur dioxide (SO2) carbon monoxide (CO) and NO2 |
| control of particulate matter | inertial separator (single cyclone, hight efficiency and multiple cyclone) |
| single cyclone separator | centrifugal force by directing gas in a circular path |
| wet collection devices | spray chambers, cyclone scrubbers and wet filters |
| spray chambers | not very efficient, simple scrubbers |
| mechanical scrubbers | water spray is generated by rotating drum or disk |
| venturi scrubbers | gases passed though tube with low pressure |
| wet filter | spray chambers where the particles are colleted on filters and washed off by spray |
| baghouse (fabric collector) | series of fabric filters. |
| electrical precipitators | use electrostatic fieldby forming gas ions using high voltage corona discharge |
| afterburner | most common methods of removing organic and inorganic gases- acheives total combustion |
| gas adsorption | uses substance like activated carbon to adsorb gases, liuids or solids |
| gas absorption | removes pollutants bydissolving them in a liquid solvent like water, ethanol or benzene- good for removing organic chemicals |
| standard for PM10 | 50 micorgrams/m3 |
| cfc's persistance and source | remain in stratosphere for 75-110 years - refrigerants, solvents, plastics, aerosol sprays |
| natural acidity is caused by | carbon doixide |
| high volume (hi-vol) sampling | 40-6- cfm through fiberglass or paper filter for 24 hrs. Filter is weighed before and after and can be analyzed. |
| ozone effect on plants | flecks, bleaching, tip burns on conifers |
| glazing, silvering, bronzing on underside of leaf is caused from | PAN (peroxyacyl nitrates) |
| animals get flouride from air pollution by: | ingesting vegetation |
| particles under 3 microns can reach: | lowest part of lung |
| primary pollutant | found in atm in same form as it exists |
| fugitive emissions | emissions which find their way into ambient air with out being vented through a stack |
| ozone formed by | action of sunlight on oxygen (nitrigen oxides and hydrocarbons) |
| where are earth's anmosphere and photochemiczl oxidants produced? | troposphere |
| turbulence is the wind charachteristic that: | most effectively disperses or diles a cloud or plume of pollutants |
| scrubbers are wet collectors used to remove particles that form as a: | fog, mist or dust |
| exposure to excessive noise | Noise Induced Permanent Threshold Shift (not reversible) |
| Presbycusis | associated with age |
| sociacusis | permanent threshold shift due to environmental noise |
| A-weighted scale | decibals (dB) are weighted and are (dBA) |
| logarithmic increases in sound 3DB increase = | double in sound |
| conductive sound | does not enter the auditory canal or inner ear due to blockage (wax, infection, earplugs) |
| sensoneural sound | cochlea or auditory nerve damaged, defect, drug interactions, disease, exposure to excessive sound |
| temporary thresh hold shift (TTS) | short term exposure to lound noises over 100 dB caused by hair cell fatigue (ringing in ear) |
| Permanent Thresh Hold Shift (PTS) | continuous exposure to unsafe sound levels will cause permanent damage |
| velocity = | frequency x wavelength |
| speed at which sound travels depends on: | compressibility and density of the medium |
Created by:
sanitarianpankey
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