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Micro Ex4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathogens | parasites that cause diseases |
| ectoparasites | live on the surface of other organisms |
| endoparasites | live within the body of other organisms |
| obligate parasites | spend at least some of their life cycle in or on a host |
| facultative parasite | normally free-living but can obtain nutrients from a host |
| permanent parasites | remain in their host once they have invaded (tapeworm) |
| temporary parasites | feed on and leave their host (biting insects) |
| accidental parasites | invade other than their normal host (ticks attach to dogs, occassionally attach to humans) |
| symbionts | organisms live together in which the association is of mutual advantage |
| mutualism | both partners benefit |
| commensalism | one partner benefits and the other is unharmed |
| parasitism | one organism (parasite) derives benefit at the expense of the other (host) |
| vector | any living organism that can carry disease-causing microbe from one host to another |
| What are the two types of vectors? | biological in which the parasite go through part of its life cycle within the host and mechanical in which an organism moves contaminated material from one location to another |
| Differentiate between the different types of hosts. | definitive harbors the sexually reproducing stage of the parasite; intermediate is where parasite undergoes asexual reproduction; reservoir is the source of the disease-causing organism |
| encystment | formation of an outer covering that protects from unfavorable factors |
| T/F Parasites can change surface antigens faster than host can make antibodies. | True |
| What types of damage can parasites cause to their host? | rob nutirents, trauma to tissue cells, clot/damage blood and lymphatics, internal hemprrhage, severe inflammatory response |
| What is unique about algae? | contain chlorophyll, unicellular/multicellular, contain holdfast structure that serves to anchor the organism, produce toxins |
| How do algae divide? | asexual through binary fission, mitosis, or fragmentation. sexually through meiosis |
| How are algae classified and what are these groups? | based on photosynthetic pigments; red algae (seaweed) and brown algae (kelp) |
| Part of the Pyrrophyta group that produce red tides | Dinoflagellate |
| What are the two types of dinoflagellates? toxins produced? Which is more serious? | Gymnodinium (breve toxin) and Gonyaulax (neurotoxin - more serious) |
| Which type of dinoflagellate produces a tingling sensation of mouth and fingers? | Gymnodinium breve |
| Which type of dinoflagellate can result in respiratory failure and death? | Gonyaulax |
| What is unique about protozoa? | unicellular, motile during at least one stage in their development, feed by either phagocytosis or pinocytosis, polymorphic, can exist as trophozoite (vegetative) or cyst (resting) |
| What is the habitat of algae? | found in fresh and salt water as well as soil |
| What is the habitat of protozoa? | complex life cycles involving more than one habitat; free-living in marine and fresh water as well as terrestial environments |
| How do protozoa divide? | often by binary fission but some by multiple fission or schizogony |
| schizogony | nucleus divide a number of times before individual daughter cells are produced |
| How are protozoa classified and what are the groups? | based on locomotion; sarcomasigophora (flagella), apicomplexa (non-motile), ciliophora (cilia), microsporidia (obligate intracellular) |
| Differentiate between the two groups in Sarcomasigophora. | Mastigophora are flagellate protozoa and Sarcodina move by means of pseudopod amoeboid movement |
| What is the vector for the protozoa also called "Kala-azar?" | Leishmania from Sandfly |
| What happens in systemic or visceral leishmaniasis? | most sever type where parasite infects immune cell macrophages that in turn carry it to the spleen, liver, and bone marrow |
| What is the most common form of mastigophora infection in the US? What is unique to this? | Giardiasis found in contaminated mountain streams and resistant to chlorine in cyst stage; causes acute or chronic diarrhea, severe malabsorption syndrome, bulky stool |
| What is the mastigophora infection that causes pruritis, malodorus, frothy, yellow-green discharge? reservoir? | trichomoniasis; men are asymptomatic reservoirs |
| What is unique to the Hemoflagellates? | found in blood or lymph, long slender body, transmitted by bites or feces of blood-feeding insects |
| What causes African sleeping sickness? unique symptoms? | Trypanosoma brucei (tsetse fly); enlarged lymph node, gradual loss of interest, coma, then death |
| What causes Chagas disease? | Trypanosoma cruzi |
| What is the kissing bug-insect vector? How is it transmitted? | Reduviridae; pierces the lips, eyelids, or ears of a sleeping human victim |
| What are some diseases caused by Entamoeba histolytica? | amoebic dysentery, hepatic amoebiasis, acute peritonitis (GIT) |
| How is Naegleria fowleri transmitted? | swimming or diving; trophozoites penetrate nasal mucosa and ascend along olfactory nerves to invade brain tissue |
| What are some diseases caused by Naegleria fowleri? | purulent meningitis, encephalitis, and primary amoebic meningoencephallitis (when cytotoxic enzymes destroy blood-brain barrier) |
| How do Apicomplexa get into the host cell? | non-motile, produce enzymes located in organelles at the apices which helps to digest their way into host cells |
| What forms of malaria cause fever every other day? | P. falciparum (malignant tertian), P. vivax (benign tertian), P. ovale (ovale tertian) |
| What type of malaria causes fever every third day or 72 hours? | P. malariae (quartan) |
| What is unique about Toxoplasma gondii? | can cross placenta resulting in neurological damage to fetus, results from contact with domesticated cats, asymptomatic in most humans but severe in immunocompromised |
| What is unique about Cryptosporidium parvum? | host can be dogs, pigs, or cattle; produce profuse and watery diarrhea; contaminated food or water |
| What are the two members of Ciliophora? Which can cause human disease? | Paramecium and Balantidium colu which can cause ulcers in large intestines from pig host |
| What is unique about Microsporidia? | invade every organ of the body, found in marine habitats, parasitic on fish and other sea life, obligate intracellular |
| What is the optimal environment for fungi? | high concentrations of salt, sugar, and amino acids; moist envrironments; 20-35*C and pH of 5.0 or lower |
| saprophytes | digest dead organic matter and wastes |
| How are fungi classified? | reproduction and morphology |
| zygomycota | bread mold (Rhozopus) |
| ascomycota | causes Dutch elm disease and rye smut (soot) |
| basidiomycota | mushrooms and puffballs |
| deuteromycota | imperfect fungi, no sexual stage, penicillin |
| chytridiomycota | Black wart disease of potato (motile) |
| What is the morphology classification of fungi? | yeast (single celled, spherical or oval); molds (multicellular, filamentous); diamorphic (yeast or mold depending on environment) |
| mycelium | collection of hyphae growing in one place |
| hypha | single filament of molds that absorb nutrients and releases enzymes which break down material into readily absorbed smaller organic compounds |
| What is the common fungi in human diseases? what is an example of this? | diamorphic; Coccidiodes immitis is grown in soil as mold, spores carried in air and inhaled by humans, develop into yeast and cause disease |
| How can hay fever or asthma be caused by fungi? | by inhaling spores |
| How are fungi used in child birth? other uses? | purified form of rye smut called ergot used to control uterine bleeding; also relieve migraine headaches |
| How can fungi be cancerous? | some aspergillus species produce aflatoxin found on moldy foods such as grains or peanuts which has been linked to liver cancer |
| What causes Spelunker's disease? | Histoplasma capsulatum |
| What are two infections of Candidiasis? unique symptoms? | Oral thrush with cracks in corners of mouth and whitish or yellowish patches; Vulvovaginitis with painful urination and thick, white, cheesy discharge |
| Classify fungi by the body parts infected. | superficial mycoses (hair, skin, or nails), intermediate (respiratory, skin or subcutaneous tissues), systemic (tissues deep within the body) |
| What are the positive impacts of fungi? | Sacchromyces used in beer, wine, and bread production; penicillin and antimicrobial medicines; genetic and biochemical studies |
| What are the negative impacts of fungi? | food spoilage, cause plant diseases (Dutch elm and wheat rust) |
| What are some diseases caused by mosquitoes? fleas? lice? | malaria; plague; trench fever, epidemic typhus, relapsing fever |
| What are some diseases caused by ticks? mites? dust mites? | rocky mountain spotted fever and lyme disease; scabies; allergies and asthma |
| What is unique about Helminths? | worms and flukes, multicellular, life cycles involve intermediate hosts for larval development and definitive host for adult form, hermaphrodite |
| What are the roundworms? flatworms? | Nematodes; Trematodes and Cestodes |
| What is the host, location, and transmission of Enterobius vermicularis? | humans; large intestine; close contact or autoinfection |
| What is the disease caused by Enterobius vermicularis? unique symptoms? | Enetrobiasis; insomnia, perianal and vulvar pruritis, irritability |
| What is the host, location, and transmission of Trichinella spiralis? | rats, pigs, and man; muscles (larvae) and small intestine (adult); consumption of meat containing larvae |
| What are the unique symptoms of Trichinosis? | myalgia and eosinophilia, myocarditis or encephalitis in extreme infection |
| What is the host, location, and transmission of Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale? | human; small intestine; fecal pollution of soil with larvae (walking barefoot) |
| What are unique symptoms of hookworm infection? | dermatitis, pulmonary migration of larvae to produce blood tinge sputum, intestinal infection produces iron deficiency anemia |
| What is the host, location, transmission of Strongyloides? | humans; general tissue (larvae) and small intestine (adult); skin penetration or autoinfection |
| What are the unique symptoms of thread worm infection? | Strongylodiasis; pruritis, weight loss, bronchopneumonia in severe cases |
| What is the host, location, and transmission of Ascaris? | human; small intestine; ingestion of eggs |
| What are the unique symptoms of Ascariasis? | abdominal pain with live worms vomited or passed in stool, pneumotitis and intestinal obstruction with heavy infestations |
| What is the host, location, and transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti? | humans and mosquitoes; blood (larvae) and intestines (adult); mosquito bite |
| What are the unique symptoms of Wuchereria infection? | Filariasis; swelling of lymph glands, genital, and extremities |
| What is the host, location, transmission, and disease caused by Trichuris? | humans; large intestine; ingestion of eggs (no animal reservoir); Trichuriasis (whipworm) which is mostly silent but can cause flatulence and tenesmus |
| What are the similarities of the Schistosoma species? | blood flukes with snails and human host and penetration of skin by larvae released from snails |
| Which trematodes infect the blood vessels of the intestine? symptoms? | S. japonicum and S. mansoni; malnutrition, liver damage, ascites (belly fluid), eosinophilia |
| What trematode infects the blood vessels of the bladder? symptoms? | S. haematobium; hematuria, urinary frequency, urethral and bladder pain |
| What is the host, location, transmission, and symptoms of Fasciola infection? | humans, snails, fish, sheep/cattle; liver; ingesting vegetation with larvae; epigastric pain, anorexia, jaundice, enlarged liver |
| What disease is caused by Taenia saginata? symptoms? | Beef tapeworm; obstruction of bile duct, pancreatic duct, or appendix |
| What is the disease caused by Taenia solium? | Pork tapeworm; obstruction of bile duct, pancreatic duct, or appendix |
| What disease is caused by Diphyllobothrium latum? symptoms? | Fish tapeworm; Vit B12 deficiency, macrocytic megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia), numbness, loss of vibration sense, unsteady gait |
| What disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus? symptoms? | Dog tapeworm and Hydatid disease; liver cyst, upper right quadrant pain, anaphylaxis with cyst rupture |
| What is different about the dog tapeworm? | While others occur in intestine, dog tapeworm occurs is liver, lung, and brain |
| What is the most common cause of cestode infection in the US? | Beef tapeworm |
| What are general characteristics of viruses? | non-living infectious agents, obligate intracellular, no true cell, small size measured in nm |
| What can viruses infect? | animals, plants, other microorganisms, bacteria (bacteriophage) |
| What is the criteria used to define a virus? | contain one type of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA), totally dependent on host for replication, viral components assembled into virions to go from one host cell to another |
| isometric | nucelic acid surrounded by a polyhedral (adenovirus) |
| helical | ribbon-like consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a hollow protein cylinder or capsid and possessing a helical structure (tobacco mosaic virus) |
| complex | polyhedral head and helical sheath or tail (most phages) |
| naked virus | protein capsid/nucleic acid; can survive in the outside world |
| enveloped virus | capsid/nucleic acid/envelope; susceptible to drying, gastric acidity, bile, etc |
| What are the structures of the capsid? | made of protein capsomeres, protects and introduces viral genome into host, attachment proteins bind virus to host |
| What are the structures of the envelope? | derived from host cell membrane by budding, virus incorporates proteins of its own (glycoprotein spikes) which attach virus to host |
| Are the viral enzymes active? | inactive but becomes active after virus has entered the host |
| Where does viral replication occur? | DNA is in the nucleus, RNA in the cytoplasm |
| How are viruses transmitted? | inhaled droplets, food or water, direct transfer, bites or vector arthropods, transplacental, sexually |
| What is the interaction that determines specificity of the virus? | specific interaction between the nucleocapsid of virus and host molecules |
| virulent phage | multiply inside the host cell and cause lysis phage and productive infection |
| temperate phage | becomes part of the genome of the host cell and modifies properties of the host cell |
| lysogenic cell | bacterial cell carrying prophage to produce latent infection |
| extrude | virus can leak out of the host cell without killing them |
| Describe the first stage of viral replication. | attachment: virus must bind to a receptor on the host cell |
| What occurs after viral attachment during replication? | an enzyme in the tip of the phage tail degrades a small portion of the bacterial cell wall and the DNA is injected into host while protein coat remains outside |
| What occurs during transcription in viral replication? | phage DNA in the host cell is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into protein |
| What occurs during replication and synthesis of the virus? | phage protein and nucleic acid replicate independently; DNA serves as template for replication of more phage and template for synthesis of mRNA |
| What occurs during assembly of the virus? | once the phage head is formed, it is packed with DNA and the tail is then attached following the addition of tail spikes |
| What occurs in the last step of viral replication? | enxyme lysozyme is synthesized and digest host cell from within resulting in cell lysis and release of phage |
| generalized transduction | any bacterial gene transferred; DNA from donor cell integrate into recipient cell by homologous recombination |
| specialized transduction | only transfer specific genes; a piece of bacterial DNA remains attached to temperate phage DNA that is excised and replicates as phage replicates; only genes near DNA that pahge integrates are transduced |
| cytopathic effect | virus is propagated in tissue culture and often changes the cell's appearance |
| What is the cytopathic effect in Hep B? | ground glass appearance in liver cells |
| Describe the acute infection seen in animal viruses. | short duration, self-limited, localized virus, leads to lasting immunity |
| Describe the persistent infection seen in animal viruses. | late complication following acute infection, latent, chronic, and slow infection |
| What are the stages of animal virus replication? | attachment, entry, targeting to site of replication, uncoating, replication of nucleic acid/protein, maturation, release, shedding, transmission |
| How are animal viruses released? | cell lysed, budding, exocytosis |
| In which step does protein formation occur in animal viruses? | maturation |
| T/F In all viruses nucleic acid separates from its protein prior to start of replication | True |
| How are animal viruses shedded from their host? | Shedding occurs from the same opening or surface that virus enters from |
| segmented virus | exchange of genome to infect same cell by two viruses with different host range (influenza pandemics) |
| teratogen | a drug or agent that induces defects during embryogenic development |
| leads to lymphadenopathy, failure to thrive, or encephalopathy within 2 years of birth | HIV |
| acquired during passage through an infected birth canal | HSV |
| What is the usual infection and how can cancers result from Epstein-Barr virus? | herpesvirus (mono); Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma |
| T/F HPV cause cervical cancer. | False only HPV-16 and HPV-18 are associated |
| What type of cancer is caused by HepB and HepC virus? | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| What virus can cause Kaposi's sarcoma? | HPV-8 |
| What are the double-starnded DNA viral families? | Adenoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Poxviridae |
| What is the #1 cause of common cold? #2? #3? | 1=rhinovirus, 2=coronavirus, 3=adenovirus |
| Which virus causes cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis? transmitted? | Hep B (enveloped); body fluids, blood, perinatal |
| Which viruses can cross the placenta? | Toxoplasmosis, Others, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex (TORCH) |
| Which virus causes chicken pox? | HHV-3, Varicella-zoster |
| Which virus causes cold sores? | HHV-1 |
| Which DNA viruses can be transmitted through respiratory route? | HHV-3, Adenovirus, HHV-6 (Roseola), Polyomavirus, Orthopoxvirus, Human parvovirus B19 |
| Which virus causes owl-eyed shaped cells and congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease? | Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) |
| Which virus causes infantile exanthem subitum (6th disease)? | Roseola virus (HHV-6) |
| What are the diseases caused by HPV? | wart on skin/genitals, condyloma acuminatum, cervical/penile cancer |
| Which form of Polyomavirus causes leukoencephalopathy? kidney disease? | JC; BK |
| Which virus causes smallpox? | Orthopoxvirus |
| Which virus causes a nodular wart like skin lesion common on the trunk, genitalia, and proximal extremities? | Molluscipoxvirus |
| Which virus causes erythma infectiosum (5th disease)? | Human parovirus B19 |
| malignant tumor of B lymphocytes | Burkitt's lymphoma |
| infection of young causing fever, malaise, and "slap cheek" appearance in late winter/spring | erythma infectiosum (5th disease) |
| What viral families contain arboviruses? | Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae |
| causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. vector? | Sin Nombre-like viruses; rodents |
| Ebola virus | Filovirus |
| What are characteristics of Influenza virus? | segmented genome, antigens hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, antigenic shift/drift |
| What causes Rubeola measles? symptoms? | Morbillivirus (enveloped); maculopapular rash, Koplik's spots |
| What is SSPP disease and what causes it? | subacute sclerosing panencepalitis; slowly progressive degeneration of brain; Morbillivirus |
| What disease is characterized by a barking seal sound and what causes it? | Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup); Paramyxovirus |
| What causes Parainfluenza virus 1-4? | Paramyxovirus |
| What is the common cause of fatal acute respiratory tract infection and what causes it? | Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); Paramyxovirus |
| What causes Rabies? unique symptoms? | Lyssavirus (enveloped); hydrophobia, lethargy, Negri bodies intracytoplasmic inclusions |
| What viruses are transmitted by Aedes? | Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis |
| What viruses are transmitted by Culex? | West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine virus |
| Which Flavoviridae virus causes severe encephalitis? | Venezuelan equine encephalitis |
| What is the target of Enteroviruses and when are they common? | motor neurons; summertime (pools) |
| What are the stages of Polio infection? | asymptomatic, minor polio, aseptic meningitis, paralytic (major) polio |
| vasicular ulcerated lesion around soft palate | Coxsackie A Herpaginia |
| lesion on oral cavity then on palm and soles | Hand-foot-mouth disease |
| atrophy of muscles, pain in chest | Coxsackie B myocarditis, pericarditis, pleurodynia |
| causes infectious hepatitis | Hep A virus |
| What causes AIDS and how does it work? | Lentivirus; highly variable and infects CD4 T cells and macrophages |
| What viral family causes leukemia and tumors? | Retroviridae; Oncoviruses |
| What diseases are caused by Alphaviruses? | Eastern/Western equine encephalitis |
| What causes German measles and what population is this common in? what is the effect? | Rubivirus; pregnant women in 20th week; cataract, deaf, mentally retarded |
| Which form of Hepatitis has a high mortality rate in pregnant women? | Hep E virus |
| What causes gastroenteritis on cruise ships? | Norovirus (Norwalk virus) |
| What causes SARS? | Coronavirus (enveloped) |
| What are the diseases caused by Rotaviruses? | Gastroenteritis, Respiratory infection, Acute infection in infants |
| How is HIV transmitted? | blood, semen, vaginal secretion, intrauterine, peripartum, breast milk |
Created by:
jtnguyen
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