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History Chapter11-19
Chapters 11-19
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Samuel Slater | A 1789 immigrant from England who built the first successful water-powered textile mill in America |
| Industrial Revolution | A time in the late 18th century when factory machines replaced hand tools and large-scale manufacturing replaced farming |
| factory system | A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building |
| Lowell Mills | Name of Massachusetts' textile industry which hired women and girls to work 12-hour days |
| interchangeable part | A machine part that is exactly like another part |
| Robert Fulton | Inventor of a steamboat that could move against the current of a strong wind and thus improved traveling time |
| Samuel F. B. Morse | Inventor of the telegraph, a machine that uses electricity along a wire to send messages over long distances |
| steel plow | John Deere's invention that helped farmers plow the rich heavy soil of the Midwest and increase production |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of a machine for cleaning cotton that changed Southern life |
| cotton gin | A machine invented in 1793 that cleaned cotton much faster and far more efficiently than human workers |
| spiritual | A religious folk song, often created and sung by African Americans |
| Nat Turner | Leader of an 1831 armed revolt against slavery in Virginia |
| nationalism | Feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward one's country |
| Henry Clay | He was a Kentucky representative, strong nationalist, and promoter of a plan to strengthen and unify the U.S. |
| American System | A plan introduced in 1815 to make the United States economically self-sufficient |
| Erie Canal | Completed in 1825, this waterway connected New York City and Buffalo, New York, improving U.S. transportation |
| James Monroe | He won the presidential election of 1816 as a Democratic-Republican, helped by the rise in nationalism |
| sectionalism | Loyalty to the interests of one's own region above loyalty to the interests of the nation as a whole |
| Missouri Compromise | A series of laws enacted in 1820 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states |
| Monroe Doctrine | A policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the Western Hemisphere, announced in 1823 |
| John Quincy Adams | New England's choice for president in the fiercely disputed race of 1824, he became the sixth U.S. president |
| Andrew Jackson | A military hero, candidate in the 1824 presidential election, and winner of the 1828 presidential election |
| Jacksonian Democracy | The idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule |
| spoils system | The practice of giving government jobs to political backers or supporters of elected public officials |
| Sequoya | A Cherokee who invented a writing system, hoping that literacy could help the Cherokee keep their independence |
| Indian Removal Act | An 1830 act that gave the government power to negotiate treaties to force Native Americans to relocate west |
| Indian Territory | Present-day Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska to which Native Americans were sent under U.S. treaties |
| Trail of Tears | The 1838-1839 deadly journey of the Cherokee people from their homeland to Indian Territory |
| John C. Calhoun | A leader in Congress and advocate of a strong central government who later became a champion of states' rights |
| Tariff of Abominations | An 1828 law that upset Southerners by raising the tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods |
| doctrine of nullification | The right of a state to reject a federal law that it considers unconstitutional |
| Webster-Hayne debate | An 1830 debate between a senator from Massachusetts and a senator from North Carolina over nullification |
| Daniel Webster | "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" said this powerful senator in an 1830 speech on states' rights |
| secession | Term for a state's withdrawal from the Union |
| inflation | When an economy experiences an increase in prices and a decrease in the value of money |
| Martin Van Buren | Vice-president to Andrew Jackson and elected president in 1836, he inherited Jackson's puffed-up prosperity |
| Panic of 1837 | A time when economic fears prompted people to demand that banks exchange their paper money for gold and silver |
| depression | A severe economic slump |
| Whig Party | Political party formed to oppose Jackson's policies and the political power held by the chief executive |
| William Henry Harrison | Whig Party candidate for the 1840 presidential race and military hero who lacked strong political views |
| mountain man | Term for fur trapper or explorer who found trails through the Rocky Mountains and opened up the West |
| land speculator | A person who buys land at low prices hoping to sell it in small sections at high prices |
| Santa Fe Trail | A trail established by William Becknell to create trade between Missouri and the capital of the Mexican province of New Mexico |
| Oregon Trail | A trail settlers used to migrate west-from Missouri to the territory west of the Rockies and north of California |
| Mormon | A member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 |
| Stephen Austin | He established an American colony in Texas, fulfilling his father's dream |
| Tejano | A person of Spanish heritage whose home is Texas |
| Antonio López de Santa Anna | Mexican president and general who governed the Texas colony and fought to keep it under Mexican rule |
| Sam Houston | Appointed commander of the Texas army when American settlers decided to declare Texas an independent republic |
| Battle of the Alamo | An 1836 battle in which 183 Texans and 25 Tejanos lost to a Mexican army of thousands after 12 days of fighting |
| Lone Star Republic | The nickname of the Republic of Texas, given in 1836 when Texans raised their first flag |
| James K. Polk | A Democratic candidate, elected 11th president in 1844, and committed to U.S. expansion to Texas and Oregon |
| manifest destiny | The belief that the U.S. was destined to stretch across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean |
| Bear Flag Revolt | The 1846 rebellion by Americans against Mexican rule in California |
| Treaty of Guadalupe de Hidalgo | The 1848 treaty that ended the U.S. war with Mexico and set the Rio Grande as the nation's border |
| Mexican Cession | A vast region given up by Mexico in 1848, including three present-day western states and parts of four more |
| forty-niner | A person who went to California to find gold, starting in 1849 |
| Californio | Settler of Spanish or Mexican descent who lived in California, mostly on huge cattle ranches |
| John Sutter | The man who persuaded the Mexican governor to grant him land on which John Marshall later found gold |
| California gold rush | Event that began in 1849 after gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill |
| immigrant | A person who settles in a new country |
| steerage | The deck on a ship where immigrants found cheap passage and deplorable conditions |
| push-pull factors | Term for the forces that make people emigrate from their native lands and influence them to settle in new places |
| famine | A severe food shortage |
| prejudice | A negative opinion of a group of people, not based on facts |
| nativists | Native-born Americans who joined the 1850s Know-Nothing Party; discriminated against Catholics and the foreign-born |
| romanticism | A European artistic movement that stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion |
| transcendentalism | A 19th-century philosophy that taught that the spiritual world is more important than the physical world |
| civil disobedience | Peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust |
| revival | A meeting designed to reawaken religious faith |
| Second Great Awakening | The renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and early 1800s that stressed that anyone could choose salvation |
| temperance movement | A campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol |
| labor union | An organization of workers who contracts for better working conditions |
| strike | To stop work; a strategy workers use to force employers to meet their labor demands |
| abolition | The movement to end slavery |
| Frederick Douglass | Public speaker and lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society; he published an autobiography of his slave experiences |
| Sojourner Truth | An abolitionist speaker who drew huge crowds and who won a court battle to regain her son from slavery |
| Underground Railroad | A series of escape routes used by slaves heading to the North from the South |
| Seneca Falls Convention | A women's rights convention planned by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and held in New York in 1848 |
| suffrage | The right to vote |
| Wilmot Proviso | An 1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico |
| Free-Soil Party | The political party that was dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery |
| Stephen A. Douglas | Illinois senator who argued the issue of slavery in a series of political debates with Abraham Lincoln |
| Compromise of 1850 | Henry Clay's plan to resolve the imbalance of power between North and South should California be admitted as a free state |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | A novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral |
| Fugitive Slave Act | An 1850 law passed to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves |
| popular sovereignty | A system in which residents vote to decide an issue |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | An 1854 law that established the Kansas and Nebraska territories and designated them as open to a vote on slavery |
| John Brown | An extreme abolitionist who avenged the Sack of Lawrence by murdering five proslavery people in Kansas Territory |
| "Bleeding Kansas" | What Kansas Territory came to be called when violence and civil war broke out over the issue of slavery |
| Republican Party | The political party formed in 1854 by the Northern Whigs and other opponents of slavery in the territories |
| John C. Frémont | A national hero and explorer of the West nominated by the Republican party to run for President in 1856 |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford | Supreme Court case that ruled against a slave who sued for his freedom, saying that he was not a U.S. citizen |
| Abraham Lincoln | Elected the 16th U.S. president, he hoped to preserve the Union and stop the spread of slavery |
| Harpers Ferry | Site of a federal arsenal in Virginia that was captured in 1859 during an antislavery revolt led by John Brown |
| platform | A political party's statement of beliefs |
| secede | To withdraw, as a state from the Union |
| Confederate States of America | The alliance formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union |
| Jefferson Davis | Chosen president of the Confederacy |
| Crittenden Plan | A compromise that might have prevented secession, introduced in Congress in 1861 by a Senator from Kentucky |
| Abraham Lincoln | Elected the 16th U.S. president, he hoped to preserve the Union and stop the spread of slavery |
| civil war | Armed conflict between two sides from the same region or country |
| the Union | Term for the states loyal to the United States of America during the Civil War |
| Fort Sumter | South Carolina fort under federal control that was attacked by the South, marking the start of the Civil War |
| Robert E. Lee | Virginia resident, talented military leader, and commanding general of the Army of Northern Virginia |
| border state | Term for Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri-slave states that bordered free states and did not secede from the Union |
| King Cotton | A term coined to show that Southern cotton was important to the world market and to the Southern economy |
| Anaconda Plan | Economic strategy to bring Southern states back into the Union by cutting off the South's coastline and controlling the Mississippi River |
| blockade | When armed forces prevent the transportation of goods or people into or out of an area |
| First Battle of Bull Run | An 1861 battle of the Civil War in which the South shocked the North with a victory |
| hygiene | Conditions and practices that promote health |
| casualties | Number of people killed or injured |
| rifle | A gun with a grooved barrel that causes a bullet to spin through the air, giving it more distance and accuracy |
| minié ball | A bullet with a hollow base that would cause a rifle to shoot farther and more accurately than a musket |
| ironclad | Warship that replaced wooden ships; this "horrible mechanical monster" had an iron hull and a rotating gun turret |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Victorious Civil War general in the West who became commander of Union armies in 1864 and president in 1869 |
| Battle of Shiloh | An 1862 battle in which the Union forced the South to retreat, but with over 23,000 casualties for both sides |
| cavalry | Soldiers on horseback |
| Seven Days' Battles | An 1862 week-long battle in which the Confederacy saved the Southern capital, Richmond, from Union troops |
| Battle of Antietam | The bloodiest battle of the Civil War, in which neither side advanced, but 25,000 men were killed or wounded |
| Abraham Lincoln | The first American president to be assassinated |
| Frederick Douglass | Powerful public speaker who advised President Lincoln, "Sound policy . . . demands the instant liberation of every slave in the rebel states." |
| Emancipation Proclamation | An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing all slaves in Confederate territory |
| 54th Massachusetts Regiment | One of the first African-American regiments organized to fight for the Union in the Civil War |
| Jefferson Davis | He was chosen to be president of the Confederacy |
| Copperheads | Abraham Lincoln's main political opponents; Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South |
| conscription | Laws that required men to serve in the military, also known as the draft |
| bounty | A $300 cash payment given to those who volunteered to serve in the Union military |
| income tax | Tax on earnings |
| greenbacks | Paper currency issued by the federal government during the Civil War |
| Clara Barton | She organized a Civil War relief agency and later founded the American Red Cross |
| Battle of Gettysburg | An 1863 Civil War battle in which the Union victory ended Lee's hopes for a Confederate victory in the North |
| Pickett's Charge | A failed, deadly, direct attack on Union troops led by General Pickett during the Battle of Gettysburg |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Union general who won important victories in the West, opening up the Mississippi River for travel deep into the South |
| Robert E. Lee | He lost Richmond, the Confederate capital, to General Grant on April 3, 1865 after a 10-month siege. |
| Siege of Vicksburg | An 1863 Union victory in Mississippi, in a town that was the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River |
| Gettysburg Address | President Lincoln's 1863 speech to dedicate a cemetery; in it he said we are a nation where "all men are created equal" |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | A Union general who waged total war, destroying rail lines and crops on his way to capture Atlanta |
| Appomattox Court House | The Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War |
| Thirteenth Amendment | The amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1865, banning slavery and involuntary servitude in the U.S. |
| Radical Republicans | Congressmen who supported using federal power to rebuild the South and give African Americans full citizenship |
| Reconstruction | The process the U.S. government used to readmit Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War |
| Andrew Johnson | President after Lincoln's assassination, he vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866; Congress voted to override the President's veto |
| black codes | Laws passed by Southern states that limited the freedom of former slaves |
| civil rights | Rights granted to all citizens |
| Fourteenth Amendment | The 1868 constitutional amendment giving all people born in the United States citizenship and "equal protection of the laws" |
| scalawags | Poor white farmers in the South, chosen to draft state constitutions and labeled "scoundrels" for supporting Radical Republicans |
| carpetbaggers | Name for delegates chosen to draft new Southern state constitutions who were newly arrived white Northerners |
| impeachment | The process of accusing a public official of wrongdoing, or improper conduct, while in office |
| freedmen's school | A school set up to educate newly freed African Americans |
| contract system | The wage-earning work system that replaced slave labor on Southern plantations during Reconstruction |
| sharecropping | A system in which landowners gave workers land, seed, and tools in return for part of the crops they raised |
| Ku Klux Klan | A secret group formed in 1866 who used arson and murder to restrict the rights of African Americans |
| lynch | To kill a person as punishment for a supposed crime, without a trial |
| Robert B. Elliott | In 1874, an African-American congressman from South Carolina; later elected the state's attorney general |
| Ulysses S. Grant | 1868-1876 president who passed successful anti-Klan laws but whose corrupt administration caused a split in the Republican Party |
| Fifteenth Amendment | An 1870 amendment that said reasons of race, color, or servitude could not keep voting rights from citizens |
| Panic of 1873 | Financial crisis in which banks closed and the stock market collapsed |
| Compromise of 1877 | The agreement that gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency and removed federal troops from the South |
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