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8thGr-Hist-STAAR Rev
8th Grade US History - STAAR Comprehensive Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reasons for exploration | Religion (God), wealth (gold), fame & international recognition (glory) |
| When is Jamestown founded? | 1607 |
| What is the first permanent English settlement? | Jamestown |
| When is Plymouth founded? | 1620 |
| What did the pilgrims do in Plymouth? | Signed the Mayflower Compact to establish self-government. |
| What was the first representative assembly in North America? | Virginia House of Burgesses |
| Why were the colonies established? | religious and political freedom as well as economic opportunity (mercantilism and opportunity to own land) |
| What were the New England colonies? | CT, NH, MA, RI |
| When were the New England colonies settled and by whom? | Pilgrims (1620) and Puritans (1630s) to escape religious persecution in England |
| What were the Middle Colonies? | NY, NJ, PA, DE |
| Why was NY important? | trading area |
| Who founded Pennsylvania? | William Penn (for religious freedom) |
| What were the Southern Colonies? | VA, MD, NC, SC, GA |
| Who founded Maryland? | Catholics feeling religious persecution. |
| Why was Georgia created? | For debtors |
| What were conflicts that occurred with Native Americans? | Early settlers; and French & Indian War |
| Why was slavery established? | The need for cheap laborers to grow cash crops encouraged this for white settlers. |
| Where did farmers grow their crops? | Plantations in the south using slaves to do the work so they could produce the cash crops cheaply. |
| When did slavery become controversial? | When America acquired new territories. |
| Who was the founder of Connecticut? | Thomas Hooker |
| Who was the "Father of American Democracy?" | Thomas Hooker |
| What was the "first written Constitution?" | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut adopted by Connecticut. |
| How was Pennsylvania established? | Refuge for Quakers. William Penn supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require residents to serve in a militia. |
| Who was one of the founders of Rhode Island? | Anne Hutchinson |
| Who was banished from Massassachusetts colony? | Anne Hutchinson |
| What occurred in French & Indian War? | British colonists wanted to take over French land in North America. British soldiers fought against French soldiers and Native Americans. |
| Who did the Native Americans fight for in the French & Indian War? | French |
| When did the French & Indian War end? | 1763 with the Treaty of Paris |
| What resulted from the French & Indian War? | British began taxing colonists to pay for the war. Proclamation line of 1763 was established. |
| Why was the Proclamation Line of 1763 established? | To keep colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains. |
| What was the American reaction to the Sugar Act? | taxation without representation |
| What was the Stamp Act? | Tax on documents |
| What was the American reaction to the Stamp Act? | protests; Sons of Liberty form |
| What were the Townshend Acts? | Tax on imported goods |
| What was the American reaction to the Townshend Acts? | Boycott British |
| What was the American reaction to the Tea Act? | Boston Tea Party |
| What are the Intolerable Acts? | Closed Boston |
| What was the American reaction to the Intolerable Acts? | Formed First Continental Congress |
| Declaration of Independence | Document written by Thomas Jefferson, claiming independence from Great Britain based on the philosophies of Locke, Montesquieu, and Blackstone (1776) |
| What was the first battle of the American Revolution? | Lexington & Concord |
| What occurred at Lexington & Concord? | British planned to arrest American leaders; Paul Revere made famous ride to warn about the British attack |
| What was the turning point of the American Revolution? | Battle of Saratoga |
| What occurred at the Battle of Saratoga? | important victory because it influenced foreign nations to support America in its war against England; France used its Navy in the Americans effort for victory. |
| What was the last major battle of the American Revolution? | Yorktown |
| What occurred at Yorktown? | French ships prevented British supplies. British surrendered because of lack of supplies. British lost hope of winning war and began negotiating Treat of Paris 1783 |
| What ended the American Revolution? | Treaty of Paris 1783 |
| What occurred with the Treaty of Paris 1783 | 13 colonies became independent from England. Boundaries of the new nation were Mississippi River to west, Canada to North, and Spanish Florida to south. |
| John Locke | Writings on the nature of government influenced the founding fathers. Government is developed by the consent of the people and inalienable rights (life, liberty & property) |
| Charles de Montesquieu | French political philosopher who defined the principle of separation of powers and checks & balances in government. |
| William Blackstone | gave the 1st University lectures on English Common Law. |
| George Mason | writings influenced new government. He believed in the need to restrict government power and refused to ratify the Constitution until the Bill of Rights were added. |
| Magna Carta | Limited the power of the King; guaranteed the right of trial by jury. |
| English Bill of Rights | called for frequent elections; guaranteed right to bear arms, forbade cruel and unusual punishment; restated trial by jury. |
| George Washington | Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, President of the Constitutional Convention, and First US President. Helped create a strong central government. |
| Samuel Adams | Boston Patriot who opposed British taxation. He established the committee of correspondence. Leader of the Sons of Liberty and insisted a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution before ratification. |
| Benjamin Franklin | author, publisher, inventor and diplomat |
| Alexander Hamilton | author of many of the Federalist Papers; First Secretary of Treasury; Leader of the Federalist Party |
| Patrick Henry | Patriot from Virginia, opposed ratification of Constitution because of potential limitations on state's rights. "Give me liberty, or give me death!" |
| James Madison | "Father of the Constitution". One of the 3 authors of the "Federalist Papers", author of the "Bill of Rights". |
| Thomas Paine | wrote Common Sense and American Crisis. He urged Americans to support the Patriot cause during the American Revolution. |
| Abigail Adams | wife of John Adams, known for her stance on women's rights in letters to her husband |
| Wentworth Cheswell | Educated African-American Patriot, made the same midnight ride as Paul Revere warning that the British were coming. |
| Mercy Otis Warren | Patriot writer that supported independence and convinced others to join the cause. First woman historian of the American Revolution, published plays, books and poetry. |
| James Armistead | African-American spy during the American Revolution. Spied on Lord Cornwallis' camp. |
| Bernardo de Galvez | Spaniard who held off British in New Orleans, but allowed Americans use of the port. |
| Crispus Attucks | American hero and martyr of the Boston Massacre |
| Haym Salomon | Polish Jew who spied for Americans and was held as a translator for the Germans by the British. |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French noble who helped Americans during the Revolutionary War. |
| John Paul Jones | Founder of the US Navy. Led raids on British ships and famous for yelling "I have not yet begun to fight" |
| King George III | King of England during the American Revolution |
| Articles of Confederation | Created just before the Battle of Yorktown. This was first attempt at national government by the American colonies. Its weaknesses were the lack of a strong central government. |
| Philadelphia Convention | Delegates met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote an entirely new constitution and formed a new government. |
| Anti-Federalist | opposes ratification of Constitution |
| Federalist | supports ratification of Constitution |
| Anti-Federalist says | Too much government power. Took too much power form states. Tyranny of the Majority. Legislative should be more powerful than Executive branch. Needed Bill of Rights to protect individuals. |
| Federalist says... | Creates checks & balances to prevent tyranny. Tyranny of Majority not possible because of US diversity. Supported Bill of Rights to be added after ratification. Federalist Papers wer written to support a new Constitution. |
| 1787 | Constitution Ratified. |
| Federalists - Important Leaders | John Adams and Alexander |
| Anti-Federalists - Important Leaders | Thomas Jefferson and James Madison |
| Bill of Rights: 1st Amendment | Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Petition, and Assembly |
| Bill of Rights: 2nd Amendment | Right to bear Arms |
| Bill of Rights: 3rd Amendment | protection from quartering troops |
| Bill of Rights: 4th Amendment | protection from unreasonable search and seizure |
| Bill of Rights: 5th Amendment | grand jury, protection from self incrimination |
| Bill of Rights: 6th Amendment | right to jury for criminal trial, speedy trial |
| Bill of Rights: 7th Amendment | Right to jury in civil |
| Bill of Rights: 8th Amendment | No cruel and unusual punishment, excessive bail |
| Bill of Rights: 9th Amendment | Protection of rights not stated in the Constitution |
| Bill of Rights: 10th Amendment | Powers not listed go to the states and people |
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