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Dse of Nervous Syst
Diseases of the Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the name for an acute inflammation of the arachnoid membrane and pia mater? | Meningitis |
| The protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are called? | Meninges |
| Meningitis is an infectious disease that affects who? | Children and young adults |
| What type of infections can meningitis be caused by? | Viral or Bacterial |
| Most people recover completely from which type of meningitis? | Viral meningitis |
| From what parts of the body can the infecting organism reach the meninges? | 1. Middle ear 2. Upper respiratory tract 3. Frontal sinuses 4. Carried in the blood(from other infected sites) |
| What are the symptoms of meningitis? | 1. Hyperthermia(temp > 104.0 F) 2. Chills 3. N+V 4. Severe cephalalgia caused by an increased ICP(intracranial pressure) 5. Stiff neck 6. Rash 7. Seizures 8. Coma |
| What are the symptoms of Meningitis? | 1. Delirium 2. Convulsions 3. Coma |
| Confirmation of a meningitis diagnosis is made by? | Lumbar Puncture(LP) |
| A Lumbar Puncture is AKA? | Spinal Tap |
| The Cerebrospinal fluid from a lumbar puncture will contain? | 1. Protein 2. Leukocytes 3. Infecting organism |
| Tx for meningitis includes the following? | 1. Antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections 2. Antipyretics for pyrexia control 3. I.V. therapy for dehydration |
| Without Tx of meningitis, permanent brain damage may occur causing? | 1. Blindness 2. Deafness 3. Paralysis 4. Mental retardation(low IQ) 5. Hydrocephalus 6. CSF(cerebrospinal fluid) 7. Death |
| Meningitis is most commonly caused by what 2 bacteria? | 1. Meningococcus 2. Pneumococcus |
| Identify the 2 immunizations available for meningococcal infections? | 1. Menactra 2. Menomune |
| What 2 immunizations can be given for pneumococcal infections? | 1. Pneumovax 23 2. Pnu-Immune 23 |
| Inflammation of the brain is called? | Encephalitis |
| Encephalits is usually caused by which viruses? | 1. Herpes Simplex 1 2. Influenza 3. Rubeola(measles) 4. Parotitis(mumps) 5. Rubella(german measles) 6. Varicella(chicken pox) 7. Arbovirus(west nile virus) |
| Signs and symptoms of encephalitis range from mild to severe and may include? | 1. Cephalalgia 2. Pyrexia 3. Lethargy 4. Personality changes 5. Seizures 6. Paralysis |
| Identify the risk factors(groups of people)for encephalitis? | 1. Children 2. Elderly 3. Those who are immunocompromised |
| Diagnosis of encephalitis is confirmed with? | Lumbar Puncture |
| How is encephalitis treated? | 1. Controlling pyrexia and ICP 2. Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance 3. Careful monitoring of respiratory and kidney function |
| What is the name of a viral disease that causes encephalitis and myelitis? | Rabies |
| How is rabies transmitted? | Through bites and scratches of rabid animals |
| Identify the 4 animals that commonly contract rabies in the U.S.? | 1. Bats 2. Raccoons 3. Skunks 4. Foxes |
| How soon after exposure do symptoms of rabies usually appear? | 3 weeks to 3 months after |
| Signs and symptoms of rabies include? | 1. Pyrexia 2. Generalized pain 3. Convulsions 4. Aphagia(inability to swallow) 5. Hydrophobia(fear of water) 6. Production of a profuse sticky frothy saliva 7. Mental derangement(insanity) 8. Rage 9. Paralysis |
| What is the mortality rate for rabies once visible symptoms develop? | 100% |
| Identify the Tx for rabies? | 3 subQ antirabies injections over a 3 week period |
| Animals infected with rabies exhibit a change in temperament such as? | 1. Wild animals may act tame 2. The tameness is followed by a furious stage where the animal bites everything |
| What is the name for an acute and chronic sensory neuritis? | Shingles |
| What is sensory neuritis? | Inflammation of the peripheral nerves |
| Shingles is the sequela of which virus? | Varicella zoster virus(chicken pox) |
| Another name for Shingles is? | Herpes zoster |
| Signs and symptoms of Shingles include? | 1. A painful unilateral vesicular rash(fluid filled papules) 2. Pruritis(itching) 3. Scarring(cicatrices) |
| How long does an outbreak of Shingles typically last? | 2-4 weeks |
| Shingles most commonly occur in people of what age group? | Over age 50 |
| Identify the immunization that is 50% effective and recommended for people over age 50 who have had varicella zoster? | Zostavax |
| Tx of Shingles includes? | 1. Antiviral therapy(zovirax) 2. Narcotic analgesics(vicodin) 3. Antipruritics(caladryl) 4. SAIDs(prednisone) |
| True or False: There is a cure for Shingles? | FALSE-There is no cure |
| Activation of the dormant Varicella Zoster Virus(VZV) is associated with? | 1. A compromised immune system 2. Poorly controlled stress |
| What disease is an encephalopathy associated with the combination of factors including children,viral infections,and use of ASA? | Reye's Syndrome |
| Reye's syndrome(RS)can cause an increase of? | Intracranial pressure(ICP) |
| What are the signs and symptoms of Reye's syndrome? | 1. Persistent vomiting 2. Personality changes 3. Lethargy 4. Confusion 5. Seizures 6. Coma |
| Treatment methods for Reye's syndrome include? | 1. Controlling cerebral swelling 2. Lowering ICP with use of SAIDs |
| With proper treatment, what is the recovery rate for RS? | 85%-90% |
| An acute infection of motor neurons caused by the tetanus bacillus that lives in the intestines of small animals and humans is called? | Tetanus |
| Where is tetanus typically found? | Fecal material |
| What bacteria persist as spores indefinitely in the soil? | Tetanus bacilli |
| The wounds most susceptible to tetanus are? | Ragged lacerated tissue contaminated with soil |
| Tetanus produces a powerul toxin that circulates to what? | Motor neurons |
| Motor neurons affected by tetanus cause the muscles to? | Become rigid with painful spasms and convulsions |
| What are the first muscles to be affected by tetanus? | Muscles of the jaw ("lockjaw") |
| What disease causes the neck to become stiff and dysphagia? | Tetanus |
| Asphyxiation can occur in a person with tetanus if? | Muscles of ventilation are affected |
| What is the incubation period of tetanus? | 1 to 3 weeks |
| What is the name for the time between infection and the manifestation of the disease? | Incubation period |
| How is tetanus treated? | 1. Administration of Td 2. Debridement of the wound |
| What is the term for thorough cleansing,removal of necrosed tissue, and removal of foreign bodies(FBs)? | Debridement |
| The name for an idiopathic autoimmune, chronic progressive, degenerative disease of the CNS is? | Multiple Sclerosis(MS) |
| In what group of people is MS most prevalent? | Adult women between ages of 20-40 |
| What is the name for the most common form of MS? | Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis(RRMS) |
| Identify the signs and symptoms of MS? | Loss of balance,Ataxia,Tingling + numbness in extremities,Shaking tremor,Progressive fatigue and muscular weakness,Dysphagia, Enuresis(loss of bladder control),Blurred vision and diplopia,Nystagmus,Blindness, Cognitive dysfunction,Decreased libido,ED,MD |
| Treatment for MS includes? | Gilenya to decrease the severity of symptoms and slow the progression |
| What can increase the risk of MS? | 1. High fat diet 2. Growing up in a cold climate |
| An idiopathic terminal neurological disease which causes a progressive loss of motor neurons? | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS) |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is AKA? | Lou Gehrig's Disease |
| Symptoms of ALS include? | 1. Atrophy of muscles in arms and legs 2. Muscular dysfunction of the mouth and throat 3. Muscular twitching |
| How soon after the onset of symptoms does death from ALS usually occur? | 3 to 5 years after onset of symptoms |
| What type of system failure is generally the cause of death in ALS? | Respiratory failure |
| During what age does ALS commonly occur? | 50s or 60s |
| ALS is more common in men or women? | Men |
| How is diagnosis of ALS confirmend? | Electromyography |
| What is the idiopathic disease that causes gradual progressive degeneration of the neurons that control body movement and coordination? | Parkinson's disease(PD) |
| An insufficient production of the neurotransmitter dopamine causes what disease? | Parkinson's disease |
| In what group is Parkinson's disease more common? | Caucasian men (average age of onset is 50) |
| Identify the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease? | Tremors(pill-rolling),Rigid muscles and myalgia,Loss of reflexes,Mask-like facial expression,Shuffling hurried gait,Bradykinesia,Stooped posture,Dysphagia,choking,drooling,Monotone voice,Incontinence(bowel/bladder),Constipation,Loss of libido,ED,MDD |
| What are the Tx options for Parkinson's disease? | 1. AntiParkinsons Medications(Sinement) 2. PT 3. Tandem bike riding |
| A progressive degenerative genetic brain disease causing dementia usually after age 60 is known as? | Alzheimer's disease(AD) |
| What is dementia characterized by? | Deteriorating cognitive abilities |
| A build up of a protein in the brain called beta amyloid is associated with what disease? | Alzheimer's disease |
| Identify the 7 warning signs of Alzheimer's disease? | Asking same question repeatedly,Telling same story(verbatim)repeatedly,Forgetting how to do things you could before,Can't pay bills or do checkbook anymore,Gets lost in familiar surroundings,Not bathing or wearing same clothes repeatedly, |
| What is the term for when Alzheimer's disease becomes more severe after dusk? | Sundowning |
| What diease can cause Depression, Irritability, Aggressiveness, and Delusions? | Alzheimer's disease |
| Someone who has Alzheimer's disease will eventually need what type of care? | Complete care |
| Familial Alzheimer's disease accounts for what percent of cases? | < 5% |
| After what age is AD usually diagnosed? | After age 65 |
| Every 5 years(After age 65) the incidence of AD does what? | Doubles |
| The duration of AD can be how long? | 2 to 20 years |
| AD affects more women or more men? | More women(1-in-4);Men(1-in-6) |
| Increased risk of Alzheimer's disease is associated with what factors? | 1. Obesity 2. Chronic HTN 3. DM |
| According to research, AD risk is lowered by what key factors? | 1. Regular mental activity 2. Regular physical activity 3. Healthy diet |
| Diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease is made when and by what? | 1. When other conditions are ruled out 2. PET |
| Common treatment for AD includes what medication? | Aricept |
| What is the name for abnormal electrical activity that spreads over the cerebrum and can manifest as a seizure? | Epilepsy |
| Epilepsy can be caused by? | 1. Brain damage 2. Brain tumor 3. ETOH and/or drug abuse 4. Uremia 5. Meningitis or Encephalitis 6. Toxemia 7. Hyperthermia 8. Heredity |
| The two types of seizures include? | 1. Grand mal seizure 2. Petit mal seizure |
| How are Grand mal seizures characterized? | 1. LOC 2. Tongue biting 3. Hypersalivation 4. Enuresis 5. Tonic-clonic movements |
| What type of movements are classified as rapid contraction and relaxation of the muscle? | Tonic-clonic movements |
| What are the characteristics of Petit mal seizures? | 1. Eyelid fluttering,lip smacking,and chewing motions 2. Loss of awareness(10-30 sec) 3. No memory of seizure(amnesia) |
| True or False: Petit mal seizures are more common in adults? | FALSE-more common in children |
| What is the term for a warning sign or symptom of an impending seizure? | Aura |
| What is the confused and lethargic state of mind that follows a seizure and lasts 5-30 mins? | Postictal state |
| How is diagnosis of Epilepsy confirmed? | 1. EEG 2. MRI |
| What is known as a life threatening persistent seizure lasting more than 30 minutes? | Status Epilepticus |
| Treatment for Epilepsy includes? | Antiseizure medications(Dilantin) |
| A congenital abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain caused by an obstruction of the normal flow of CSF is called? | Hydrocephalus |
| Hydrocephalus causes the brain to be compressed resulting in? | 1. Mental retardation 2. Failure to grow normally 3. Prominent forehead 4. Bulging eyes 5. Frightened expression 6. Veins of the scalp are prominent |
| Treatment of Hydrocephalus includes? | Surgical placement of a shunt to relieve the ICP |
| What is the name for the congenital neural tube defect where one or more vertebrae fail to develop? | Spina bifida(SB) |
| Spina bifida(SB)can be accompanied by one or more of these conditions? | 1. Hydrocephalus 2. Cleft lip and/or cleft palate 3. Club foot 4. Esotropia(cross-eyed) |
| What are the 4 types of Spina bifida? | 1. Spina bifida occulta(SBO) 2. Meningocele 3. Meningomyelocele 4. Myelocele |
| Spina bifida occulta can cause? | 1. Incorrect posture 2. Inability to walk 3. Incontinence(bladder and bowel) 4. A tuft of hair over the vertebral defect |
| How is the vertebral defect in Spina bifida occulta corrected? | Surgery |
| What characterizes a meningocele? | Meninges protruding through the opening in the vertebral defect |
| A meningocele is corrected by what method? | Surgery |
| A Meningomyelocele is characterized by? | Meninges and spinal cord protruding through the opening in the vertebral defect |
| Mental retardation,Failure to develop, and Paralysis can be caused by what type of Spina bifida? | Meningomyelocele |
| What characterizes a Myelocele? | A disorganized spinal cord that is exposed |
| True or False: A myelocele is usually not life threatening? | False-Is usually fatal |
| Prophylactic treatments for SB includes? | 3 months previgravida folic acid supplements of 400mcg/day |
| Rich sources of Folate include? | Broccoli,spinach,asparagus,legumes,strawberries,oranges, and bananas |
| What is the condition known as a non-progressive brain damage resulting in mental and/or motor retardation? | Cerebral palsy(CP) |
| Cerebral palsy typically appears before what age? | Three |
| Causes of Cerebral palsy include? | 1. Gestational rubella(German measles)infection 2. Drugs and/or ETOH during gestation 3. Hypoxia in utero 4. Erythroblastosis fetalis(Rh incompatibility disease) |
| True or False: Cerebral palsy can be idiopathic? | TRUE |
| Another name for a Cerebral vascular accident is? | Stroke |
| A CVA is brain damage commonly resulting from? | 1. Cerebral aneurysm 2. Cerebral infarction |
| How is a cerebral aneurysm detected? | Cerebral angiography |
| What are the risk factors for a CVA? | 1. Atherosclerosis 2. Chronic HTN 3. A-Fib |
| What is Atrial Fibrillation(A-Fib)? | Arrhythmia associated with thrombus formation |
| A deficiency of what vitamins has been linked to an increased risk for CVA? | Vitamin C and Folate |
| Over what age do CVAs usually occur? | Age 55 |
| What is the ratio of CVA risk in women over age 55? | 1 in 5 |
| The ratio of CVA risk in men over age 55 is? | 1 in 6 |
| The risk for CVA doubles for what group of people? | African-Americans |
| Identify the Signs and Symptoms of CVA? | 1. Dysphagia 2. Blurred vision 3. Ataxia 4. Vertigo 5. N+V 6. Hemiparesis 7. Hemiplegia 8. LOC |
| What does FAST stand for? | 1. Facial drooping 2. Arm weakness 3. Speech difficulties 4. Time |
| Diagnosis of CVA is confirmed by? | CT |
| How is CVA treated? | 1. Thrombolytics 2. Antihypertensives 3. Anticoagulants |
| Thrombolytic therapy is most effective when? | Within the first 3 hours of the onset of symptoms for CVA caused by an embolus |
| Brain tissue will not regenerate if? | Brain tissue necroses |
| What does rehabilitation from a CVA entail? | Teaching non-damaged parts of the brain to perform the duties of the necrosed brain tissue |
| What is another term for a Transient Ischemic Attack(TIA)? | Mini-stroke or little-stroke |
| Transient means? | Temporary |
| What characterizes a TIA? | Ischemic brain tissue caused by a reduced flow of blood to the brain |
| Causes of TIA include? | 1. Carotid atherosclerosis 2. Emboli |
| Signs and symptoms of TIA are the same as CVA with the exception that? | TIAs do not last |
| Treatments of a TIA include? | Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy |
| What is a Cerebral Concussion(CC)? | Transient brain disorder resulting from a head trauma |
| Signs and symptoms of a Cerebral concussion include? | 1. LOC 2. Amnesia about the accident 3. Nausea 4. Vertigo 5. Cephalalgia 6. Perseverating(saying the same thing over and over)W |
| Treatment of a Cerebral concussion involves? | Neurological Vital Signs(NVS) performed every 2 hours |
| Neurological Vital Signs(NVS)"Neuro Checks" include? | 1. LOC status and Orientation of spheres 2. PEARRLA 3. Gait check |
| What does the acronym PEARRLA stand for? | Pupils Equal And Round React to Light and Accomodation |
| A Cerebral Contusion refers to what type of brain injury? | Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI) |
| What are the complications associated with a cerebral contusion? | 1. Intracranial hemorrhages causing increased ICP 2. Coma 3. Permanent brain damage |
| Identify the 3 types of intracranial hemorrhages? | 1. Epidural hemorrhage 2. Subdural hematoma 3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| How are Intracranial hemorrhages treated? | 1. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(Decadron) 2. Surgery to seal off the bleeding vessels and remove blood |
| What is the name for a primary malignant brain tumor(BT)? | Glioma |
| True or False: Most brain tumors metastasize from other sites? | TRUE |
| Name the signs and symptoms of a brain tumor? | 1. Severe Cephalalgia especially when bending over 2. Personality changes 3. Amnesia 4. Diplopia 5. Blindness 6. Dysphagia 7. Ataxia 8. Seizures 9. Coma |
| True or False: Malignant brain tumors are able to be removed surgically? | FALSE-They are inoperable |
| What are the treatment options for a malignant brain tumor? | 1. Chemotherapy(antineoplastics) 2. Radiation therapy |
| What is the name of a severe cephalalgia often accompanied by nausea,vomiting,photophobia,and hyperacusis? | Migraine |
| What causes a migraine? | Constriction and dilation of cerebral arteries and the release of serotonin and prostaglandins |
| What chemical neurotransmitter regulates mood,pain perception,hunger,and satiety? | Serotonin |
| What hormone-like substances regulate BP by dilating and constricting blood vessels? | Prostaglandins |
| Identify some of the triggers of Migraine? | 1. Stress 2. Food Preservatives(nitrates,MSG) 3. Weather Changes 4. Menstruation 5. Fatigue 6. Skipping Meals 7. Alterations in normal sleep pattern |
| True or False: Migraine triggers may be inherited? | TRUE |
| In what group of people do migraines occur more often? | Women(70%) |
| 60-70% of migraines are associated with? | Hormonal fluctuations that occur during the menstrual cycle |
| How long can migraines commonly last? | From 4 hrs to 3 days |
| What medications are included for use of migraine treatment? | 1. Motrin 2. Aleve 3. Excedrin migraine 4. Ergomar 5. Calan |
| Hyperthermia can cause what symptoms? | 1. Delirium 2. Convulsions 3. Coma |
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