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Muscle/Skin Dse
Diseases of Muskuloskeletal and Integumentary Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inflammation of bone and bone marrow is? | Osteomyelitis |
| A common cause of Osteomyelitis is? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| A common complication of an open FX (AKA: Compund FX)is? | Osteomyelitis |
| Signs and Symptoms of Osteomyelitis include? | 1. Pain 2. Chills 3. Pyrexia 4. Leukocytosis |
| A complication of osteomyelitis is bone necrosis also called? | A sequestrum |
| True or False: Sequestrums respond well to antibiotics? | TRUE- it's caused by bacteria |
| Tuberculosis is primarily a disease of the? | Lungs |
| If left untreated, pulmonary TB can spread to what? | Bones |
| What is the name for TB that affects the vertebral column in children? | Pott's Disease |
| Pott's disease can lead to? | 1. Vertebral deformities 2. Paralysis |
| How are the vertebral deformities caused by Pott's disease treated? | Surgical correction |
| TB responds well to what form of treatment? | Antibiotics |
| Rickets is a disease that affects who? | Infants and young children |
| A deficiency of Calcium and/or Vit D causes what disease? | Rickets |
| Rickets causes the bones of a child to be? | Soft and more likely to bend causing deformities(bow-legged/knock-kneed) |
| The muscles of a child with Rickets are flaccid because? | Muscles need calcium for proper muscle contraction |
| What are 2 other characteristics of children with rickets? | Delayed teething and a "pot belly" abdomen |
| What condition is associated with Rickets? | Malabsorption syndrome |
| What is the most common prophylaxis and treatment for Rickets? | 1. Sunlight(10 mins/day) 2. RDA of Ca and Vit D |
| What is a softening and decalcification of the bones in adults called? | Osteomalacia(OM) |
| Which bones are particularly affected by OM? | 1. Bones of Vertebral column 2. Pelvic bones 3. Leg bones |
| Why are mainly the vertebral bones,pelvic bones,and legs affected by OM? | Because the body weight is mostly supported in these areas |
| What disease causes a tendency of the bones to bend, deform, and FX(fracture)easily? | Osteomalacia(OM) |
| What condition is associated with Osteomalacia? | Malabsoption syndrome |
| What is the most common prophylaxis and treatment for OM? | 1. Sunlight(10 mins/day) 2. RDA of Ca and Vit D |
| Breast CA,Colon CA,Prostate CA,MS,Osteoporosis(OP),Heart Dse,DM,and HTN are associated with what Vitamin deficiency? | Vitamin D |
| Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica(OFC)usually results from? | Hyperparathyroidism(causes bone decalcification) |
| Signs and Symptoms of Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica include? | 1. Nephrolithiasis(kidney stones) 2. Bone Deformities 3. Spontaneous FXs |
| What is the Tx for OFC? | 1. Removal of parathyroid tumor 2. Parathyroidectomy |
| What is the name for a loss or thinning of Bone Mineral Density(BMD)? | Osteoporosis(AKA: Osteopenia) |
| What are the risk factors for developing OP? | 1. Female gender 2. Family Hx 3. Deficient Vit D and/or Ca in the diet 4. Sedentary lifestyle 5. Smoking 6. Thin or small frame 7. 1-2 ETOH drinks/day doubles risk of OP 8. Excessive caffeine intake 9. Being Caucasian or Asian 10. Low estrogen - |
| The degree of OP risk depends on? | Amount of BMD acquired between ages 25-35 |
| Signs and Symptoms of OP include? | 1. Predisposition to FXs(especially of wrist,pelvis,and vertebrae-compression FXs) 2. Kyphosis(hunchback) 3. Loss of HT(height) |
| Diagnosis of OP depends on? | 1. Pt Hx 2. Bone densitometry 3. DEXA(Dual-Energy Xray Absorptiometry) |
| OP treatment includes? | 1. Sunlight AND 500mg Calcium with Vit D TID 2. Regular exercise 3. ERT(Estrogen Replacement Therapy-AKA:Hormone Replacement Therapy/HRT for postmenopausal women) 4. Use of calcitonin in extreme cases |
| Bone density testing is recommended for which groups of people? | 1. Type 1 DM 2. Liver or Kidney Dse 3. Menopause 4. Over age 50 |
| Paget's Disease is AKA? | Osteitis deformans |
| What is the name for an idiopathic possibly genetic disease causing overproduction of abnormal bone tissue? | Paget's Diease |
| Signs and Symptoms of Paget's Dse include? | 1. Osteomalacia 2. Easy FXs 3. Deformities of the legs 4. Abnormal curvature in the vertebral column |
| What is a complication of Paget's Dse? | Osteogenic Sarcoma(OS)-a primary bone malignancy |
| What is the most common benign bone tumor? | Osteoma |
| True or False: An osteoma can be asymptomatic? | TRUE |
| Under what circumstances is surgery performed to remove an osteoma? | 1. Pain 2. Decreased mobility 3. Edema |
| What is an Osteogenic Sarcoma(OS)? | A primary bone malignancy |
| OS is more common in what age group? | Young adults(18-35yrs old) |
| A common sign of OS is? | Easy FXs |
| Treatment of OS includes? | 1. Chemotherapy 2. Surgical removal of tumor(poss. amputation of limb) |
| Malignant bone tumors are most commonly secondary tumors that have? | Metastasized from another site |
| Secndary bone tumors cause? | 1. Easy FXs 2. Extreme pain |
| What is the prognosis for a secondary bone malignancy? | Poor |
| what is Arthritis? | Inflammation of a joint(s) |
| Arthritis symptoms include? | 1. Pain 2. Edema 3. Stiffness of joints(especially upon waking) |
| What joints are commonly affected by Artritis? | 1. Lumbar vertebrae 2. Hips 3. Knees 4. Fingers |
| What type of arthritis is considered both autoimmune AND genetic? | Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis is the most serious form of arthritis and can cause? | Contractures |
| Signs and Symptoms of RA include? | 1. Pain 2. Edema 3. Erythema 4. Warmth 5. Stiffness of joints(especially upon waking) |
| Why can RA affect all of the joints? | It is systemic |
| RA can cause scar tissue to fuse the ends of the bones causing? | Immobility(crippling) |
| What are rheumatoid nodules? | Enlargement of the joints caused by RA |
| How is RA treated? | 1. ROM exercises 2. Rest 3. NSAIDs 4. Immunosuppressants(Enbrel,Orencia,Humira,Simponi) |
| Why would an Immunosuppressant be given to a patient with RA? | Because RA is an autoimmune disease |
| Foods rich with what can reduce swelling, stiffness, and pain? | Omega-3 fatty acids |
| What type of arthritis is the most common and can accompany aging? | Osteoarthritis(OA) |
| What joints are typically affected by OA? | 1. Fingers 2. Neck 3. Low back 4. Knees 5. Hips |
| Other than aging, what are 3 other causes of OA? | 1. Chronic irritation or injury 2. Heredity 3. Obesity(Knees/Hips) |
| Identify the main symptoms of OA? | 1. Pain 2. Stiffness of the joints |
| OA can cause Degenerative Joint Disease(DJD) which can result in? | Irregular bone deposits called Spurs |
| True or False: There is a cure for OA? | FALSE-No cure for OA |
| Tx of OA includes? | 1. ROM exercises 2. Rest 3. Heat therapy 4. Vitamins C,D,E and Beta carotene 5. Green tea 6. SAIDs(cortisone)/NSAIDs(Ibuprofen) 7. Total Hip Replacement(THR) 8. Total Knee Replacement(TKR) |
| What form of arthritis usually affects the great toes and is caused by hyperuricemia which results in deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints and kidneys? | Gout |
| The onset of gout is usually sudden and affects men over what age? | Age 40 |
| What are the two complications of gout? | 1. Joint deformities 2. Kidney damage |
| Tx of gout includes? | 1. Refrain from consuming organ meat,anchovies,sardines, and beer 2. Antigout medication |
| Compression of the median nerve in the wrist causes? | Carpal Tunnel Syndrome(CTS) |
| In what gender/age group is CTS more common? | Women ages 35-40 |
| Signs and Symptoms of CTS include? | Numbness and tingling in the hand progressing to pain that can radiate up the arm to the shoulder(especially at night) |
| What kind of injury is CTS? | Repetitive Strain Injury(RSI) |
| How does CTS usually develop? | When a wrist is kept in a flexed position for extended periods to perform repetitive tasks |
| High risk groups for CTS include? | 1. Computer users 2. Beauticians 3. Dentists 4. Musicians 5. Those who use vibrating tools |
| Dx of CTS is confirmed by? | 1. Hx of repetitive hand movements with a flexed wrist 2. EMG(Electromyography) |
| Identify the Tx options for CTS? | 1. Proper wrist alignment 2. Avoidance of repetitive movement 3. Braces and splints 4. NSAIDs 5. Surgery |
| A Herniated Intervertebral Disk(HID)is AKA? | 1. Slipped Disk 2. Ruptured Disk 3. Bulging Disk |
| Where do HID most frequently occur? | Lower Lumbar region of the back |
| What is the typical cause of HID? | Poor body mechanics |
| What is the primary complication of a HID? | Pressure exerted on the spinal cord and/or Spinal nerve(s)causing weakness,numbness,tingling,and extreme pain |
| Identify the name of the nerve most commoly affected by a HID? | Sciatic nerve |
| What is Sciatica? | Irritation of a sciatic nerve |
| List the Tx options for a HID? | 1. Bed rest on a firm mattress 2. Muscle relaxants 3. Narcotic analgesics 4. Heat application 5. Traction(Trx) 6. TENS(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) 7. Surgery(Diskectomy and Vertebral fusion) |
| What is the name for a hereditary diease(of which there are several forms)causing muscle degeneration which totally disables the individual? | Muscular Dystrophy(MD) |
| What is the most common and serious form of MD? | Duchenne |
| Around what age does MD generally start appearing? | Ages 3-5 |
| True or False: Most individuals with MD live well into adulthood? | FALSE-Most will die at an early age |
| Death is caused by the effect of MD on which muscles? | Heart and Respiratory muscles |
| The Dx of MD is confirmed with? | 1. EMG(Electromyography) 2. Muscle Bx |
| What are the Tx options for MD? | 1. PT 2. OT 3. Orthopedic Assistance Devices(Wheelchair,Walkers,etc.) |
| What is the name for an idiopathic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder? | Myasthenia gravis(MG) |
| MG occurs most often in what group of people? | Women(Because it's autoimmune) |
| What disease is caused by a defect in the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles? | Myasthenia gravis |
| Abnormal antibodies produced by the thymus has been linked to what disease? | Myasthenia gravis |
| Muscles commonly involved in MG include? | 1. Eye movement 2. Eyelid movement 3. Facial expressions 4. Chewing 5. Talking 6. Swallowing |
| Tx options for MG includes? | 1. Thymectomy 2. Immunosuppressants |
| A protrusion of a structure through the tissue in which it is normally enclosed is called? | Hernia |
| The protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm is known as? | Hiatal Hernia(HH) |
| Another name for a Hiatal Hernia is? | Diaphragmatic Hernia |
| What is a protrusion of the intestine through the umbilicus? | Umbilical Hernia(UH) |
| A protrusion of the small intestine into the scrotum is referred to as? | Inguinal Hernia(IH) |
| An incarcerated(strangulated)hernia can cause? | Ischemia and/or necrosis to the tissue it surrounds |
| Tx of a hernia includes? | 1. Abdominal supports 2. Hernioplasty |
| What is the name for an acute contagious skin disease caused by Staph or Strep especially in children? | Impetigo |
| Impetigo is characterized by? | 1. Erythema 2. Oozing vesicles 3. Pustules with a honey colored crust |
| How is Impetigo treated? | 1. Wash with soap and water 2. Keep lesions dry(Astringents,ex:caladryl) 3. Topical Antibiotics(neosporin) |
| Name the Bacterial disease transmitted by the bite of deer tick? | Lyme Disease |
| Signs and symptoms of Lyme Disease usually occurs how soon after exposure? | Between 3-30 days after |
| Signs and Symptoms of Lyme Disease include? | 1. "Bull's eye rash" 2. Flu like symptoms: a. Malaise b. Cephalalgia c. Chills d. Pyrexia e. Arthralgias f. Myalgias g. Lymphadenopathy |
| How is Lyme Disease treated? | Antibiotics |
| Untreated Lyme Disease can cause permanent damage to the? | 1. Heart 2. Joints 3. Nervous System |
| Herpes Simplex Virus(HSV) causes? | Herpetic Stomatitis (Inflammation of the oral cavity) |
| Herpetic Stomatitis is AKA? | 1. Cold sores 2. Fever blisters |
| Where is herpetic stomatitis usually found? | Near the Oral Labiae |
| The HSV 1 can remain dormant in the body for months but frequently becomes active when a person is? | 1. Under stress 2. Immune system is weakend |
| What is the Tx method for HSV 1? | Antiviral drugs(Abreva) |
| Tinea refers to? | Fungal infections |
| Tinea corporis is AKA? | Ringworm |
| What condition causes erythematous ringed shaped pruritic lesions on the skin? | Tinea corporis |
| Tinea pedis is AKA? | Athlete's Foot |
| Tinea pedis frequently attacks the skin between the toes causing? | 1. Fissures 2. Pruritis 3. Pain |
| Tinea cruris is AKA? | Jock itch |
| Tinea cruris causes? | Erythematous ring-like areas with vesicles |
| Areas of the body susceptible to tinea are usually? | Warm,dark, and moist environments |
| What are the Tx options for tinea? | 1. Keeping susceptible areas dry 2. Topical antifungal medications |
| Pediculosis is AKA? | Lice |
| Where can pediculosis infest? | 1. Head 2. Pubic area(crabs) 3. Body |
| Head lice are common among what group of people? | Children |
| How is head lice transmitted? | 1. Direct contact 2. Fomites such as combs,scarves,hats,and bed linens |
| What is the main symptom of pediculosis? | Pruritis(Itching) |
| Pediculosis white eggs(nits) can be found located on what part of the hair? | Hair shaft |
| Tx methods for pediculosis include? | 1. Medicated shampoo 2. Use of a fine toothed comb 3. Washing clothes in hot water(>131 degrees)AND Machine drying 4. Leave the house for 55 hrs to allow lice to die |
| Lice are beoming resistant to which form of treatment? | Medicated shampoo |
| What is the name for a contagious skin infestation caused by the "itch mite"? | Scabies |
| Signs and symptoms of scabies include? | 1. Vesicles 2. Pustules 3. Intense pruritis |
| How are scabies transmitted? | By skin-to-skin contact |
| Tx of scabies involves? | 1. Scrubbing with medicated soaps and shampoos in hot baths 2. Washing clothes in hot water(>131 degrees)AND Machine drying |
| What is a noncontagious inflammation of the skin caused by caused by an allergic response? | Allergic Contact Dermatitis(ACD) |
| Common allergies include? | 1. Plants (poison ivy/poison oak) 2. Chemicals found in clothing dyes,soaps,and perfumes 3. Metals such as nickel found in costume jewelry |
| Signs and Symptoms of ACD are? | 1. Erythema 2. Vesicles 3. Pruritis |
| What are treatment options of ACD? | 1. Removal of the allergen 2. Topical SAIDs(Hydrocortisone) 3. Antihistamines(Benadryl) 4. Antipruritic medications(Caladryl) |
| Atopic Dermatitis is AKA? | Eczema |
| What is Eczema? | An idiopathic skin disorder causing erythematous,dry,and crusted patches on the skin |
| AD(Atopic Dermatitis)usually affects those with what conditions? | 1. Allergies 2. Asthma |
| Eczema outbreaks will disappear in half of all children effected by what age frame? | Adolescence |
| The Tx of Atopic Dermatitis(AD)includes? | Use of SAIDs |
| A nevus is AKA? | A mole |
| What is the name of a benign skin lesion that can become malignant? | Nevus(mole) |
| Signs and Symtoms that indicate possible change of a nevus to a malignant lesion includes? | 1. Changes in the size or shape 2. Pruritis 3. Soreness 4. Discharge 5. Darkening |
| Identify the ABCDEs of Nevi(moles)? | 1. Asymmetry -one half doesn't match the other 2. Border or edges are ragged,blurred,or irregular 3. Color is not the same throughout 4. Diameter is larger than the eraser of a pencil 5. Elevaed or raised from the skin |
| Treatment of a suspect nevus involves? | 1. Surgical removal/cryosurgery(freezing to destroy the tissue) |
| Basal cell carcinoma is what? | The most common skin cancer which is slow growing and usually nonmetastasizing |
| BCC usually develops where on? | Face and neck of light skinned men who are overexposed to UV light(by sun or tanning beds) |
| Treatment of BCC involves? | 1. Surgical removal of the tumor 2. Radiation therapy 3. Chemotherapy |
| Squamos Cell Carcinoma(SCC) is a more serious skin lesion because? | It metastasizes through the lymph vessels |
| Where does SCC usually develop? | 1. Face 2. Ears 3. Neck 4. Lips 5. Back of hands |
| Which group of people are mostly affected by SCC? | Light skinned men who are over exposed to UV light |
| Tx options for SCC include? | 1. Surgical removal of tumor 2. Radiation therapy 3. Chemotherapy |
| Why is Malignant(metastatic)Melanoma(MM)the most serious form of skin cancer? | Early Metastasis |
| MM can develop from a nevus and is associated with? | Overexposure to UV light in Caucasians |
| Tx of Malignant Melanoma involves? | 1. Surgical removal of tumor 2. Surgical removal of lymph nodes surrounding the tumor |
| Some women have a genetic predisposition that makes them how many more times as likely to develop MM? | 4 times as likely |
| Clogging of the sebaceous glands causes? | Acne vulgaris(AV) |
| What are the characteristics of AV? | 1. Comedones(whiteheads and blackheads) 2. Pustules(pus-filled papules)which indicate inflammatory acne |
| Treatment of acne vulgaris includes? | 1. Benzoyl peroxide 2. Stridex 3. Keeping hands away from the face 4. Gentle cleaning of the skin twice a day |
| What skin condition is an idiopathic cyclic progressive inflammatory skin disease that causes facial erythema,edema,pustules,papules,and pain? | Rosacea |
| How is Rosacea treated? | 1. Avoidance of triggers(sunlight,stress,wind,temp extremes,skin care products) 2. Topical Vitamin A(Retinol) 3. Oracea |
| An idiopathic autoimmune chronic skin disease with a hereditary basis of which there is no cure is known as? | Psoriasis |
| Describe the appearance of psoriasis lesions? | Erythematous patches with white or silvery scales |
| Where do psoriasis lesions primarily form? | 1. Elbows 2. Knees |
| What other areas of the body can be affected by psoriasis? | 1. Trunk 2. Arms 3. Legs 4. Scalp |
| What factors can exacerbate psoriasis? | 1. Stress 2. Changes in climate 3. NSAIDs 4. Injuries to the skin 5. Infections |
| How is psoriasis treated? | 1. Coal-tar medications(Tegrin,Desonex) 2. SAIDs 3. UV light therapy |
| Onset and exacerbation of psoriasis has been linked to drinking what? | Non-light beer |
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Crazymommaof2
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