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ANTH 140- Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| out of africa hypothesis | homo sapiens evolved in Africa and replaced all other populations |
| out of africa genetic evidence | mtDNA: africa has the greatest time depth (most variation), modern humans are homogeneous, neanderthal is separated by 400,000 years |
| out of africa skeletal evidence | 100,000-200,000 YA homo sapiens in africa and ethiopia |
| out of africa cultural evidence | upper paleolithic was characterized by significant innovation (larger skulls?) |
| multiregional hypothesis | modern humans evolved in all regions of the world simultaneously |
| multiregional skeletal evidence | traits show continuity over time |
| multiregional cultural evidence | stone tool assemblages demonstrate continuity |
| chatelperronian tools | (multiregional)-> arose from mousterian but look like upper paleolithic tools (blades 2x long as they are wide); bone and antler *found with both neanderthals and modern humans |
| replacement with hybridization | assimilation model of out of africa and multiregional-> selection (not replacement) made people modern |
| consensus of 3 theories | modern humans were all over the old worly by 40,000-50,000 YA |
| 6 trends of upper paleolithic | higher pop densities, more social gatherings, more stylistic variability in stone artifacts, increased use of bone and antler, personal ornamentation, getting goods from great distances (trade) |
| upper paleolithic blade technology | made blades from a single core: more mass produced |
| upper paleolithic new tool types (8) | fish hooks, eyed needles, harpoons, ropes, nets, lamps, torches composite tools |
| spearthrower | (upper paleolithic) improves power and range over throwing |
| bow and arrow | (upper paleolithic) allowed hunters to carry more projectiles |
| domesticated dog | (upper paleolithic) *tamed, not necessarily domesticated for hunting and pets even in burials |
| art and decoration- upper paleolithic | personal ornamentation, figurines, cave art |
| big change in upper paleolithic | organizational change of the brain |
| aurignacian | (after chatelperonnian) worked bone/antler points, earliest cave art, figurines (anthropomorphic figures) *first time bone was used |
| gravettian | (after aurignacian) known for venus figurines |
| solutrean | (after gravettian) heat treating, thin/big blades (not used- for showing), emerging specialists *probably peopled the new world |
| magdelenian | (after solutrean) reindeer/horse/bison (tamed horses) semi-settled lifestyle (tents/rock shelters) *the most portable art |
| Dolni Vestonice (time period) | Gravettian |
| Dolni Vesonice housing | outdoor structures (some with roofs), outer fence, large bonfire |
| Dolni Vestonice religion | disfigured woman-> goddess? 2300 broken clay figurines |
| Dolni Vestonice tools | loom sticks |
| Dolni Vestonice burials | burial goods (mammoth scapula, lithic artifacts, fox teeth, pigment) |
| Mezhirich (time period) | Magdelenian |
| Mezhirich housing | mammoth bone structures, tool workshops, shells |
| Mezhirich tools | burned mammoth bone, anthropomorphic figurines, map, fishing tools |
| Mezhirich people hunted | mammoth |
| two types of art | portable and mural |
| portable art was more common at | larger sites (more trade) |
| Venus figurines | fertility/pornographic/made by women/sign of god? |
| symbols on art | notches between mood cycle |
| did people live where they did mural art? | no |
| mural art | carefully planned, created over 1000s of years by different people |
| mural paintings were of | animals and hands |
| Lascaux | carnivores in back of cave, prey in big areas, dots (trances?) |
| Chauvet | oldest cave art, animal remains, no drawings of humans |
| Casquer | underwater access to the cave, drawings of animals they saw (not hunted), footprints and torches found |
| Hunting Magic theory of art | drawn to insure the success of the hunt |
| Fertility theory of art | pregnant and baby animals-> to make more food |
| Art for Art's sake theory of art | social bonding/just being artistic |
| Sahul | Australia and New Guinea |
| Sunda | SE islands joined together |
| Wallace line | sharp division of animal species between Sahul and Sunda |
| Bobongara | New Guinea; groundstone waisted axes (to bring down trees), early transition to agriculture |
| Lake Mungo Region | Australia: oldest known cremation, anatomically modern humans, waves of settlement, oldowan type tools |
| How did people get to Australia? | by boat |
| ice free corridor | a space between 2 ice sheets through AK and Canada-> sites in Northern Colorado where sheets ended |
| to americas by coast | hop down the coast from russia or from australia (to south america) |
| solutrean americans hypothesis | from europe along ice flows (old sites on east coast) |
| Mystery of the First Americas (movie) | 9,000 YA male (not current native american) |
| Beringia | region of land that people may have crossed that is now the Bering Strait |
| Ice-free corridor | a space between 2 ice sheets through Alaska and Canada- early sites near Northern Colorado where sheets ended |
| Dyuktai culture | Siberian==> 18,000-12,000 YA- microblades, bifaces, blades (no connection technologically with people of North America) |
| Timing to Americas by land | 13,000 YA (ice free corridor) following animal migrations |
| Timing to Americas by sea/coast | 30,000-14,000 YA hopping down the coast from Russia or from Australia |
| Solutrean timing to Americas | from Europe along ice flows (east coast 17,000-15,000 YA) |
| Mystery of the First Americans (movie) | 9000 YA male, not related to modern Native Americans (they are a later wave of people) |
| Clovis | best known early American culture, fluted points, big game hunters |
| 3 things to look for in North America | clear evidence of humans, material in original position, associated materials dated |
| Pedra Pintata/Monte Verde | pre-Clovis in South America |
| North America Pleistocene extinctions | giant sloth, giant bever, horse, camel, mammoth, mastodon, lion, cheetah, short-faced bear |
| Europe/Asia extinctions | mammoth, woolly rhino, cave bear, lion |
| 2 theories of Pleistocene extinctions | climate change, overhunting |
| Mesolithic | transition period- prequel to agriculture; ice sheers retreated, sea levels rose, population increases, more sedentary lifestyle |
| Mesolithic (Africa) | middle stone age |
| Mesolithic (Europe | Mesolithic |
| Mesolithic (North America) | Archaic |
| Mesolithic (Near East) | Natufian |
| Mesolithic geographic changes | England became an island, Australia separated, ice melted in N America/Europe, Bering Strait flooded |
| Mesolithic tool changes | smaller, more standardized, reflects different activities/regions |
| Broad Spectrum Adaptation | (Mesolithic) locally available plants and animals that were more abundant and predictable |
| Mesolithic subsistence changes | storage (pits), smaller amounts of food at a time, more plant foods, specialized groups/technologies, mapping on to resources (planning life around them) |
| Mesolithic life in Europe | transition to forest, more coastal use, less art |
| Affluent foragers | (Mesolithic) stayed in one place almost year-round |
| Archaic life in North America | more plant foods, smaller game, cave/rock shelters |
| Chumash/Koster | sites in Archaic (Mesolithic) North America |
| Poverty Point | a series of concentric mounds in Louisiana around a central plaza (complexity) |
| Agriculture (definition) | activities that artificially increase plant food yields and includes herding of animals |
| Domestication | genetic modification from the wild form to one that is more useful to people |
| Co-evolution | people changed plants slowly until the 2 absolutely rely on one another for life |
| Primary domestication (definition) | where domestication first actually occurred |
| Secondary domestication (definition) | where domesticated things were introduced |
| Primary domestication locations | Near East, Mexico, Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, South China, Eastern US, New Guinea |
| Secondary domestication locations | SW North America, Europe |
| Society before agriculture | egalitarian, low population density, no territoriality, minimal/no storage, organized at the family/band level |
| Society after agriculture | social ranking, higher pop density, territoriality, formal storage, increased social organization |
| Neolithic (North America) | New Stone Age |
| Neolithic (definition) | when agriculture comes into use, switch to less complex grinding stones |
| Çatal Höyük | (Turkey)==> hunting/gathering with agriculture (slow switch), buried dead under houses, rectangular flat-roofed houses with doorways in the ceiling, decoration/hearths in the houses |
| Çatal Höyük religion | ¼ of all rooms excavated==> wild ox imagery/female statues |
| Çatal Höyük subsistence | barley, peas, wheat, almonds, acorns, pistachios |
| Çatal Höyük trade | caches of obsidian tools, shells, copper, crafts, textiles (substantial trade) |
| Çatal Höyük burials | contain trade and gender-specific items (under their homes) |
| Çatal Höyük age of death | 30-34 (younger than Paleolithic)==> cavities, arthritis, disease, bad nutrition |
| The Global Neolithic Pattern | large settlements, more complex, widely scattered and independent (almost none turned into cities) |
| Megaliths | tombs that indicate territory |
| Passage graves | mound over central tomb, passage into it (a type of megalith) |
| Gallery graves | upright stones capped w/ larger stone over graves (a type of megalith) |
| Cyclic consequence of agriculture | more food requires more work, storage becomes essential, heavier tools |
| Consequences of agriculture | cyclic necessity, more work, more disease, increased warfare over land |
| form/blank | Upper Paleolithic; made when making blades- can be shaped into many different tools |
| loess | wind-blown silt deposited from the melting and blowing of salt from ice sheets |
| solifluction | freezing and thawing of the ground resulting in slippage of the surface |
| red ochre | a red mineral used in pigmentation |
| Lascaux II | a museum to view reconstruction of Lascaux art |
| hands/mural art | fingers are missing in most portrayals |
| Pincevent | living floors, flint knapping (Upper Paleolithic France) |
| Abri Blanchard bone | 69 semi-circular marks (moon cycles?) |
| cultivation | clearing fields, preparing soil, protecting plants, providing water |
| oasis hypothesis | domestication began as a symbiotic relationship between humans, plants, and animals during desication of SW Asia |
| natural habitat hypothesis | earliest domesticates appeared where their ancestors lived |
| population pressure hypothesis | agriculture was a last resort |
| edge hypothesis | population pressure + where food was less abundant |
| social hypothesis | food surplus= rare stones/social alliances |
| quern | a stone grinding tool for preparing grains and other plant foods |
| fertile crescent | zone in SW asia that reflects the variety of plants and animals that can thrive there |
| Abu Hureyra | a site in the Fertile Crescent (later abandoned like most sites) |
| flotation | to find plant remains (float to the top of a solution) |
| Mehrgarh | South Asia- changed from hunter gatherer to agricultural |
| Ban-po-ts'un | China (Neolithic) kilns, spindles |
| Khok Phandom Di | rice |
| Tehucacan | maize |
| Guitarrero Cave | domestication in the high Andes |
| winding road to human man article | Europeans and Melanesians have neanderthal DNA |
| A New View of the Birth of Homo Sapiens article | some archaic genes, but Africans do have the most diverse genome |
| Refuting a Myth about Human Origins article | archaic homo sapiens may have never existed |
| Women of the Ice Age article | women brought home most calories and aided in hunting |
| Woman the Toolmaker | (alive now) women scraping hides in Ethiopia |
| Children of Prehistory | fingerpainting throughout time |
| Disease and Death at Dr. Dickson's Mounds | agriculture led to disease and earlier deaths in North America |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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