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Micro Ex3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the s. aureus infection characterized by a red bump with hair follicle from least to most severe. | folliculitus, furuncle, carbuncle |
| What are the Gram-positive cocci? | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. algalactiae, S. Viridians, E. faecalis |
| What are the Gram negative cocci? | N. gonorrhea, N. meningitides |
| What are the Gram-positive rods, spore forming bacteria? Which is anaerobic? | Bacillus, Clostridium (anaerobic) |
| What are the Gram positive regular, non spore forming rods? | Lactobacillus, Listeria |
| What are the Gram-positive irregular, non-spore forming rods? | Corynebacterium, Proprionibacterium, Gardnerella vaginalis |
| What are the Gram-negative rods? | Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus |
| What are the Gram negative respiratory rods? | Haemophilus, Legionella, Bordetella |
| What are the Gram-negative rods of Zoonotic origin? | Pasteurella, Brucella, Francisella, Bartonella |
| What are the Gram-negative nonfermenters? | Pseudomonas, Vibrio cholera |
| What are the Gram-negative comma shaped rods? What type of flagella is present? | Vibrio; single polar flagella |
| What are the Gram-negative spiral shaped rods? What type of flagella is present? | Campylobacter (single polar) and Helicobacter (multiple flagella) |
| What are the anaerobic Gram negative rods? | Bacteroids, Fusobacterium |
| What are the Acid-fast, Gram-positive rods? | Mycobacterium |
| What are the Spirochetes? | Treponema, Borrelia |
| What are the Gram-negative obligate intracellular rods? | Chlamydia, Rickettsia |
| Which bacteria does not have a cell wall? | Mycoplasma |
| What is the difference between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus? | Staph is catalase positive and forms grape-like clusters and are halophiles found on skin and mucous membranes. Strep is catalase negative and forms short chains found in mouth, URT, GIT, and vagina. |
| Normal flora of the skin | S. epidermidis |
| What are the superantigens and what bacteria produces them? | Toxic shock syndrome 1 and enterotoxin; S. aureus |
| Produces acute endocarditis | S. aureus |
| What is the toxin that causes scalded skin syndrome? What bacteria releases this? | exfoliatin; S. aureus |
| normal flora of skin and mucous membranes | S. aureus |
| What is alpha hemolysis and what bacteria are here? What color? | incomplete hemolysis; S. pneumonia and S. viridans; olive green |
| What is beta hemolysis and what bacteria are here? What color? | complete hemolysis; S. pyogenes and S. algalactiae; clear zone |
| What is gamma hemolysis and what bacteria are here? | no hemolysis; E. faecalis |
| What are the Group A streptococi? Group B? Group D? | S. pyogenes (A), S. algalactiae (B), E. faecalis (D) |
| What is the major cause of bacterial pneumoniae and meningitis in adults? | S. pneumoniae |
| What is the main virulent factor is S. pneumoniae? | large capsule resists phagocytosis |
| normal flora of the oopharynx | S. pneumoniae |
| lack the C-carbohydrate group-specific antigen | S. viridans |
| cause of dental caries | S. viridans |
| cause of sub-acute endocarditis | S. viridans and S. epidermidis |
| 25% of womern have this bacteria as normal flora in vagina | S. algalactiae |
| causes neonatal septicimia and meningitis | S. algalactiae |
| can cause septicimia, endocarditis, UTI, and appendicitis | E. faecalis |
| What are some characteristics of Neisseria? | diplococci, kidney-bean shaped, non spore forming, oblgate aerobe |
| What is the toxin released from N. gonorrhea and its effect? | enzyme protease which destroys IgA on mucous membranes |
| can cause urethritis in men | N. gonorrhea, C. trachomatis |
| can cause scarring of fallopian tube and etopic pregnancies in women | N. gonorrhea |
| What are the lysis toxins released by Streptococcus? | erythrogenic toxins (Hemolysin O and S) |
| can cause Ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns | N. gonorrhea, C. trachomatis |
| bacteria commonly found in adolescents and college dorms | N. meningitides |
| can cause pharyngitis, bacteremia, and meningitis | N. meningitides |
| What is the only known human reservoir of N. meningitides and how is it spread? | nasopharynx and spreads from person to person by airborne droplets |
| attatches to epithelial cells via pilli | N. gonorrhea |
| What are the characteristics of B. anthracis? | non-motile, catalase positive, antiphagocytic cpasule, produces powerful anthrax toxin, can be inhaled, ingested, or injected |
| What is the most common form of cutaneous infection in humans? | B. anthracis "malignant pustule" |
| What are the symptoms of inhaled anthrax? | high fever and chest pain, pneumonia, progresses rapidly to systemic hemorrhagic pathology and often fatal |
| What are the two forms associated with B. cereus infections? | emetic: vomitting associated with heat-stable enterotoxin and diarrheal: assoc with heat-labile enterotoxin |
| What are the characteristics of C. tetani? | spores acquired from any type of skin trauma involving an infected device, release tetanospasmin exotoxin, non-motile |
| How does tetanospasmin function? | blcoks action of inhibitory neurons leading to constant muscle spasm, especially in jaw, and respiratory failure |
| releases neurotoxin to inhibit ACH | C. botulinum |
| part of the normal intestinal flora | C. difficile |
| releases enterotoxin that causes pseudomembranous colitis | C. difficile |
| What is pseudomembrane composed of? | dead epithelium, inflmmatory cells, and clotted blood |
| What bacteria causes gas gangrene and food poisoning and what is the exotoxin released? | C. perfringens; alpha toxin that attacks lecithin in cell membranes with swelling and gas produced by fermenting amino acid and muscle glycogen |
| ferment carbohydrates into lactic acid | Lactobacillus |
| How is L. acidophilus useful? | helps reduce levels of harmful bacteria and yeast in the small intestine, produces lactase (milk digestion), involved in production of B vitamins, reduce diarrheal infections |
| What are characteristics of L. monocytogenes? | motile, facultative anaerobe, Beta hemolytic, can grow at 4*, widespread in water and vegetation |
| newborns are at risk for this disease since it crosses the placenta | L. monocytogenes |
| What is the morphology of Corynebacterium? What toxin is released? | pleomorphic shape, produce cardiotoxin |
| colonizes mucous membrane of respiratory tract and produces neuraminidase | C. diphtheriae |
| What are the symptoms of diptheria? | whitish gray membrane forms on tonsils and throat, can result in heart and kidney failure and paralysis |
| causative agent of acne vulgaris | P. acnes (anaerobic) |
| What factors enhance Proprionibacterium growth? | oily secretion, puberty, sebaceous glands, white head, inflmmation, abscess |
| What is the #1 cause of UTI? #2? #3? | E. coli, E. faecalis, S. saprophyticus |
| Which bacteria are the major cause of CNS infections in neonates younger than 1 month? | E. coli and S, algalactiae |
| What are the characteristics of E. coli? | normal flora of intestinal tract, lactose fermenter, produces gas, stereotyped based on somatic (O), capsular (K), or flagellar (H) antigen |
| causes travelers diarrhea and diarrhea in infants | Enetrotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) |
| similar to shigella | Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) |
| diarrheal outbreaks in hospital nurseries and bottle-fed infeants | Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) |
| associated with bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome | Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEP) |
| What is Salmonella typically found? | reservoir is gall bladder, children fecal-oral spread, contaminated chicken and eggs |
| What are the unique symptoms of S. typhi infection and what does the FDA recommend for prevention? | abdominal pain followed in some cases by intestinal rupture, internal bleeding, shock and death; should not eat raw eggs, undercooked meat or poultry |
| also known as bacillary dysentery | shigella |
| 70% of all infection in children younger than 15 years | Shigella |
| What is the most common form of Shigella in industrial world? | S. sonnei |
| What are the toxins released by Shigella? | endotoxin, enterotoxin, shiga toxin |
| What are the components of the Shigella toxin? | A subunit is the toxin which halts protein synthesis and B subunit is the part that determines the receptor to be affected |
| What are characteristics of Yersenia? | facultative intracellular enterobacterium, grows at 28*, plasmids with virulence genes, resist killing by phagocytosis, zoonosis, transmitted to humans via fleas |
| What are the symptoms of bubonic plague? | enlarged and tender lymph nodes (buboes), fever, chils, malaise, muscular pain, bacteremia, septicemia |
| What are the causes of Pneumonic plague? | fever, shock, cough, bloody sputum, highly infectious spread through aerosol with 90% mortality rate if untreated |
| tends to affect people with underlying diseases such as alcoholism, diabetes, chronic lung disease | K. pneumonia |
| What are the characteristics of K. pneumonia? | facultative anaerobe, thick capsule, heat-stable enterotoxin, current jelly sputum with death of tissue and lung abscess |
| What are some opportunistic infections of Enterobacter? | UTI, respiractory tract infection |
| produces red pigment at 25*C | S. marcescens |
| What are characteristics of S. marcesans? | occurs naturally in soil and water and intetstines, release DNAse, lipase, and gelatinase |
| What are the infection caused by S. marcesans and how are they transmitted? | UTI, wound, pneumonia; direct contact, droplets, catheters, saline irrigation solutions |
| degrade urea to ammonia by production of urease | Proteus |
| What helps Proteus favor the production of UTI? | Urease production and high motility |
| What are characteristics of Haemophilus? | non-motile, pleomorphic, aerobic, requires Factors V and X, grown on chocolate agar, facultative anaerobe |
| present in the nasopharynx of approx 75% of healthy children and adults | H. influenzae |
| main cause of meningitis before vaccine | H. influenzae |
| main cause of middle ear infections in children under 5 years | H. influenzae |
| What is the leading cause of community acquired pneumoniae? second leading? | S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae |
| causes pink eye | H. aegyptius |
| characterized by single or multiple painful, soft chancroid | H. ducreyi |
| What isthe most common sexually transmitted disease? second? | N. gonorrhea, H. ducreyi |
| Where is Legionella commonly found? | often found in air conditioners and misters, requires iron, cysteine, and CO2 |
| What is the diseased caused by L. pneumophila and its symptoms? | Legionnaires' disease; respiratory infection with fever, chills, dry cough which can spread to GIT and CNS |
| What are the characteristics of Bordetella? | coccobacilli, strict aerobes, secrete pertussis toxin which increases cAMP |
| What is the diesease caused by B. pertissis? | whooping cough disease of infants where bacteria make it way to respiratory tract via inhalation, binds to and destroys epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi |
| What are the symptomatic stages of B. pertussis infection? | catarrhal: runny nose, paroxysmal: whooping cough, convalescent: cough lasts several weeks sometimes causing blood vessels of the eye to burst |
| What are the characteristics of Pasteurella multocida? | ovoid rod, grown on chocolate agar producing foul odor, normal flora in animals |
| acquired through scratches or bites from cats or dogs | P. multocida |
| What are the characteristics of Brucella and how are they transmitted? | strict aerobes, coccobacillus; consuming unpasteurized contaminated dairy or through contact with animal blood or urine |
| what are the four species of Brucella and where are they found? | B. abortus (cattle), B. suis (swine), B. melitensis (goat and sheep), B. canis (dogs, fox, coyotes) |
| How does Brucella cause infections? | enters body via skin, respiratory tract, or digestive tract, enters blood and lymphatics where it multiplies inside phagocytes and releases endotoxin |
| What are some symptoms associated with Brucella infection? | fever spikes, sweats, malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia, arthritis, fatigue, depression |
| What is F. tularensis and how is it acquired? | "rabbit fever" widespread among rabbits, muscrats and bobcats; humans can acquire while skinning animals and getting flies or ticks bites or through inhalation |
| What are some symptoms of F. tularensis? | fever, chills, headache, diarrhea, muscle and joint pain, dry cough, weakness |
| What are some diseases associated with Bartonella hensellae? | cat scratch fever, bacillary angiomatosis, visceral peliosis, septicemia, endocarditis |
| genetically complex with plasmids which make them resistant to antibiotics | Pseudomonad |
| opportunistic pathogen important in burn and immunocompromised patients | P. aeruginosa |
| What is the toxin released by V. cholera and how does it function? | cholera toxin activates adenylyl cyclase leading to increased cAMP which causes increased secretion of water, Na, K, Cl and HCO3 in the small intestine (alkaline) |
| How is V. cholera transmitted and what are the symptoms? | contaminated water and seafood with sewage; vomitting, headache, cramps, voluminous diarrhea leading to dehydration |
| Gullian-Barre' Syndrome complication | C. jejuni |
| What are the characteristics of C. jejuni? | motile with single flagella, responsible for 5-14% of world diarrhea, from wild birds and ducks or poultry |
| What are some diseases caused by C. jejuni and the symptoms seen? | Traveler's diarrhea, waterborne illness, mild cases are asymptomatic, severe cases result in dysentery |
| What are the characteristics of H. pylori? | motile with multiple flagella, spiral-shaped, microaerophillic, fecal-oral transmission, colonizes gastric mucosa and epithelial lining |
| What are the endotoxins released by H. pylori? | endotoxin urease |
| What are the diseases caused by H. pylori? | 95% of duodenal ulcers, 80% of gastric ulcers, stomach cancer, gastritis |
| 50% 0f fecal matter is composed of ________ | B. fragilis |
| abscess after severe trauma to the gut and abdominal region | B. fragilis |
| Sinusitis, pulmonary infection and gingivitis | F. nucleatum |
| What are the characteristics of M. leprae? | non-motile slow-growing generation time of 13 days, grows at lower temp, mycolic acid in cell wall, obligate aerobes |
| How does M. leprae cause infections? | transmitted from person to person through inhalation or direct contact, attacks the skin peripheral nerves and mucous membranes, reproduce particularly in neuroglia to infect macrophages and Scwann cells |
| What is Tuberculoid leprosy? | stronge cell-mediated immune response to M. leprae (nonprogressive form) |
| What is Lepramatosus leprosy? | weak cell-mediated immune response to M. leprae, strong antibody response, granuloma formation, skin nodules, loss of facial feautures, digits, and body structures |
| resistant to drying, disinfectants, and strong acids; killed by pasteurization | M. tuberculosis |
| How is M. tuberculosis transmitted and what are the symptoms? | inhalinf (few) airborne organisms, chronic fever/cough, weight loss, night sweats, granuloma, caseous necrosis |
| What are the 3 types of Treponema and what disease do they cause? | T. pallidum=syphillus; T. carateum=pinta; T. pertenue=yaws |
| hard, painless chancre found on genitals | primary stage of syphillus |
| T. pallidum invades blood vessels, skin rash spreads from palms and soles to trunk, white patch on mucous membranes | secondary stage of syphillus |
| gummas formation in CNS and CVS which can be fatal | tertiary stage of syphillus |
| What is the result of a fetus surviving birth with congenital syphillus? | normal at birth but later develop Hutchinson's triad which includes interstitial keratitis, notched incisors and eigth nerve deafness |
| What is pinta? | skin infection with raised papule initially then eruption of flat, reddened areas then bluish coloration and subsequent loss of pigmentation |
| What is yaws? | tropical infection of the skin, bones, and joints |
| causative agent of Lyme disease | B. burgdorferi |
| What are the stages of Lyme disease? | 1) erythma migrans, fever, chills, headache, stiff neck/muscles/joints 2) heart and nervous system impaired 3) chronic nervous system impairment with joint pain |
| most common cause of STD. | Chlamydia |
| What are the two forms of the virulence factor in Chlamydia? | elementary body is the infectious form which releases cytokines that provoke intense inflammatory rxn; reticulate body is non-infectious form |
| What is trachoma and what organism causes this? | C. trachomatis form of bilateral keratoconjuctivitis which causes corneal scarring spread by direct contact, flies, and gnats; leading cause of blindness worldwide |
| What is Lymphogranuloma venereum and what bacteria causes this? | C. trachomatis presents with genital ulcer and/or inguinal lymphadenopathy |
| causes psittacosis (parrot fever) | C. psittaci |
| form of Chlamydia which causes pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and sinusitis | C. pneumoniae |
| causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | R. rickettsii |
| What are the two vectors for the tick borne disease? | Dermacentor andersoni = wood tick and Demacentor variabilis = dog tick |
| heart and kidneys can get involved in which disease of Rickettsia? | R. rickettsii |
| vector is lice and causes epidemic typhus | R. prowazekii |
| vector is fleas and causes endemic typhus | R. typhi |
| vector is mites and causes Rickettsial pox | R. akari |
| What are the characteristics of Mycoplasmas? | pleomorphic, cell wall absent, Gram-negative, strict aerobe, typical fried-egg colonies |
| What diseases are caused by M. pneumoniae and what are the symptoms? | walking pneumonia; attach to mucous membranes and secrete toxic substances which cause inflammation |
| Which bacteria are coagulase positive? | S. aureus |
| Which bacteria can cause UTI? | E.coli, S. saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes, S. marcesans, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa |
| Which bacteria can cause meningitis? | S. pneumoniae(pneumonia), S. algalctiae(neonatal), N. meningitides, L. monocytogenes, E.coli, H. influenzae |
| Which bacteria can cause pneumoniae? | S. pneumoniae, S. algalactiae, E.coli, Y. pestis, K. pneumonia, S. marcesans, H. influenza, P.multocida, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae |
| Which bacteria are normal flora of the intestines? | E.coli, Lactobacillus, Enterococci |
| normal flora of skin and mucous membranes | S. aureus, S. epidermidis (skin), |
Created by:
jtnguyen
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