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NWHSU Biochem Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 3 distinct components does the basic structure of nucleotides contain? | -Pentose -Base (Purine or Pyrimidine) -1 to 3 Phosphate Groups |
| What are 4 functions of Nucleotides? | 1 Building blocks for DNA and RNA synthesis 2 Energy currency of biological systems (ATP) 3 Chemical links in hormonal signals ("second messengers") 4STurctural components of several coenzymes (NaD+, FAD, Coenzyme A) |
| How many phosphate groups do each contain: Mononucleotide, Dinucleotide, and trinucleotide | Mononucleotide -1P Dinucleotide -2P Trinucleotide -3P |
| What Carbon on the Pentose of a nucleotide makes the difference if that nucleotide is RNA or DNA and what is attached to that Carbon that makes it RNA or DNA? | Carbon 2 OH Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) H Deoxyribose (DNA) |
| What are the pyrimidines and which ones are found in DNA, RNA, or both? | Cytosine (Both) Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA) |
| What are the purines and which ones are found in DNA, RNA, or both? | Adenine (Both) Guanine (Both) |
| What is the backbone of a Nucleic Acid? | P-Pentose-P-Pentose |
| What is the number of the Carbon attached to the free Phosphate group and what is the Carbon attached to the next Phosphate group? | Free Phosphate group is 5' End The next Carbon is 3' |
| What is in the free position of the last 3' Carbon? | OH |
| Biosynthesis happens from 3' to 5' or 5' to 3'? | 5'-3' |
| What is the simplified way of writing a nucleic acid? | p-A-C-G-T-A-OH |
| Strands of DNA are: parallel or anti-parallel? | anti-parallel |
| What are the 2 stabalizing forces of DNA? | 1 Hydrogen bonding between strands 2 Hydrophobic interaction within strands between adjacent bases (Base Stacking) |
| How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T and how many hydrogen bonds are between C and G? | a-t 2 hydrogen bonds c-g 3 hydrogen bonds |
| Who were the four people who discovered the structure of DNA? | James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin |
| What are two Spontaneous Mutations? | Deamination (Point Mutation) Depurination (Frame Shift) |
| Name the 8 ray types in order from longest waves to shortest waves. | Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, Soft X-Rays, Hard X-Rays, Gamma Rays |
| Name the 8 ray types in order from highest energy to lowest energy. | Gamma Rays, Hard X-Rays, Soft X-Rays, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio Waves |
| When UV radiation forms thymine dimers, how does the DNA polymerase read it? | 1 Thymine instead of 2 Thymine |
| X-Rays and Gamma Rays break covalent bonds and cause what two things? | Opening of Rings (Point Mutations) Breaking of bonds in backbone (Fragmentation of Chromosomes) |
| ROS stands for what? | Reactive Oxygen Species (Oxidative Agent) |
| What is an example of a deaminating agent? | Nitrous Acid HNO2 |
| Cells of the immune system have many antioxidant mechanisms that kill microorganisms with O-radicals and H2O2. These rely on antioxidants such as... | Vitamin C, E, Slenium, flavonoids |
| Where do ROS/Oxidative agenst come from? | reactions involving O2, Radiation, energy production in human body |
| What is another common name for fat or lipid and the correct name? | Triglyceride Correct name-Triaylglycerol |
| What does a triglyceride consist of? | Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids |
| What is a saturated fatty acid "saturated" with and why? | Hydrogen's there are no double bonds |
| What does 6:0 stand for when naming a fatty acid? | 6 Carbons 0 Double bonds |
| What makes a fatty acid unsaturated? | 1 or more double bond in Hydrocarbon tail |
| What does PuFA stand for? | Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Multiple double bonds) |
| Plants and plant products and meat/fish fed leafy plants have fatty acids in which configuration? | Cis |
| What are 2 sources of trans fatty acids | 1 Bacterial metabolism in ruminating animals 2 Human developed process (partial hydrogenation of oils = margarine) |
| Saturated Fatty acids have more, less or the same hydrophobic interaction as a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? | More |
| More Carbons on the hydrocarbon tails means lower or higher H2O solubility? Will this raise or lower the melting point? | Lower raise |
| More cis-double bonds means lower or higher H2O solubility? Will this raise or lower the melting point? | More Lower |
| Which regulates and which increases inflammation: Omega 3, Omega 6 | regulates omega 3 Increases Omega 6 |
| Name the Fatty acid and describe what this is: 16:0 | Palmitic Acid initial product of fatty acid synthesis |
| Name the Fatty acid, say if it is essential or not, and decide if it is Omega 3 or 6: 18:2^9,12 | Linoleic Acid Essential Omega 6 |
| Name the Fatty acid, say if it is essential or not, and decide if it is Omega 3 or 6: 18:3^9,12,15 | Alpha-Linoleic Acid (ALA) Essential Omega 3 |
| Name the Fatty acid, say if it is essential or not, and decide if it is Omega 3 or 6: 20:4^5,8,11,14 | Arachidonic Acid Essential Omega 6 (Precursor of pro-inflatory eicosanoids) |
| Name the Fatty acid, say if it is essential or not, and decide if it is Omega 3 or 6: 20:5^5,8,11,14,17 | Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Essential Omega 3 (Precursor of anti-inflamatory eiocasanoids) |
| Name the Fatty acid, say if it is essential or not, and decide if it is Omega 3 or 6: 22:6^4,7,10,13,16,19 | Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Essential Omega 3 |
| Compare Carbs to fats in terms of accessibility | Carbs- short term, quickly accessible, associate with H2O Fats- long term, takes longer to make accessible |
| Amphipathic compounds have what two properties? | hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties |
| Glycerophospholips contain what? | hydrophilic phosphodiesters like Choline |
| Phosphatidylcholine has another name and contains what essential nutrient? | Lecithin Choline |
| Sphingolipids contain this in their spingosine: a)Phophate group B)amide C)C=O D)all three | B)amide |
| The sphingolipid Ganglioside is an example of what? | blood types |
| What does choline look like? | HO-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3 |
| Choline is found in what foods? | Beef, liver, egg, beef, lettuce, peanuts, milk..... |
| 2 types of Phospholipids? | Glycerolipids Sphingolipids |
| True or false: Sphingolipids are glycolipids and phospholipids. | True |
| Ether Lipids contain what essential nutrient and what organic group? | Choline Ether Group |
| Plasmalogen is a type of ether lipid with what 4 immune functions | 1 Stimulates aggregation of platelets 2 Stimulates the release of serotonin (vasoconstriction0 3 Regulates inflation 4 Alergic reactions |
| What is the reulatory biomolecule released by leukocytes? | Cytokine |
| Isoprenoids building block is what? | Isoprene |
| How many rings are found in steroids? | 4 rings |
| What is cholesterol a precursor for? | Steroid hormones, Vit D biosynthesis, bile acids/salts |
| Prednisolone and prednisone are examples of what steroids? | Synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs |
| Name 4 Isoprenoid compounds. | Vitamin E-Antioxidant Vitamin K-blood clotting cofactor Warfarin-blood clotting coagulant Ubiquinone-coenzyme in E transport chain |
| What is the coenzyme in E transport chain needed for? | ATP production |
| Steroid Hormones are produced where and transported how? Are the paracrine or endocrine hormones? | glands Blood Endocrine Hormone |
| Eicosanoid Hormones are produced locally and act ____? Are they paracrine or endocrine hormones? | Locally Paracine |
| 3 exmples of paracrine hormones are prostaglandines, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. What do each do? | Prostaglandines-inflamation, pain sensation thromboxanes-blood clot formation leukotriene-allergic reaction |
| Retino and Retinal are what? | Pigments (Eyes skin Vit A) |
| Symport is uniport or co transport across a membrane? What does it do? | Cotransport Moves in same dirrection (2 things in) |
| Antiport is uniport or co transport across a membrane? What does it do? | Cotransport 2 things Move in opposite dirrection (one in one out) |
| Primary Active Transport means what? Does it go with or against the chemical gradient? | Transport protein can directly use energy from ATP Up Against concentration gradient! |
| Secondary Active Transport uses symport or antiport proteins? Does it go with or against electrochemical gradient? | symport Up Against (driven by ion moving down its gradient) |
| Does facilitate diffusion go down or up the chemical concentration gradient? | Down |
| Does Simple diffusion go up or down concentration gradient? This is common for what organic solvents? | Down hydrophobic fat soluble nonpolar solvents |
| Ion channel goes up or down the elctrochemical gradient? This involves what? | Down Charges, Ions |
| What is the sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism? | Metabolism |
| What is the sum of all Breakdown reactions (Degradative reactons) What does this yield? | Catabolism ATP |
| What is the sum of all biosynthetic reactions? What does it require? | Anabolism ATP |
| Photosynthesis looks like? What does it require? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP (Energy) Requires Sunlight |
| Aerobic Cellular Respiration looks like what? | H20 + CO2 + ATP ----> O2 + C6H12O6 |
| In the oxgen cycle O2 in photosynthesis is oxidized or reduced and the H2O in aerobic cellular respiration is oxidized or reduced? | 02 Oxidized H20 Reduced |
| In the Carbon cylce Glucose in Photosynthesis is reduced or oxidized and C02 in Aerobic Cellular respiration is oxidized or reduced? | Glucose Reduced CO2 Oxidized |
| Stage 1 Acetyl-CoA production is the breakdown of what? | Breakdown of nutrients to C2 Level |
| What happens in Stage 2 Acetyle-COA Oxidation? | Complete oxidation of Carbon NAD+, FAD: Become reduced |
| What happens in Stage 3 Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation? | NADH, FADH2 are oxydized O2 reduced to H2O Redox rxn creates ATP |
| The more reduced the less or more potential energy when paired with O2? | More! |
| Hydroxy contains | C-OH |
| Carbonyl contains | C=O |
| Carboxy contains | COO- |
| Put these in order from most reduced to most oxidized. CO2, Saturated carbon chain, carbonyl, carboxy, hydroxy, unsaturated carbon chain. | Organic Carbon chain, unsaturated Carbon chain, Hydroxy, Carbonyl, Carboxy, CO2 |
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