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CLEP Sociology
Sociology CLEP Test Topics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agricultural societies/agrerian societies | The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are primarily engaged in the production of food but increase their crop yield through such innovations as the plow. |
| altruistic suicide | Durkheim: The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are primarily engaged in the production of food but increase their crop yield through such innovations as the plow. |
| anomic suicide | Durkheim: reflects an individual's moral confusion and lack of social direction, which is related to dramatic social and economic upheaval. |
| Anomie | Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. |
| Ascribed Status | A social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. |
| Auguste Comte | He was a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism |
| authoritarian government | one in which political authority is concentrated in a small group of politicians |
| C. Wright Mills | |
| charismatic authority | Max Weber's term for power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers. |
| Charles Horton Cooley | looking glass self, which is the concept that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. Also - primary and secondary groups. |
| cognitive development theory | Jean Piaget's theory explaining how children's thought progresses through four stages. |
| Concentric Zone model of city growth | A theory of urban growth that sees growth in terms of a series of rings radiating from the central business district. |
| concrete operational stage of coginitive developement theory | third of four stages, 7 and 11 years and is characterized by the appropriate use of logic |
| conflict perspective | A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. |
| conflict theory | fathered by Karl Marx - all things exist in conflict |
| Contagion Theory | Gustave Le Bon, crowds exert a hypnotic influence over their members |
| Control Group | Subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher. |
| Convergence Theory | people who want to act in a certain way come together to form crowds |
| counterculture | A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture. |
| cultural relitivism | The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture. |
| Differential Association Theory | A theory of deviance proposed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts. |
| Division of Labor | a process whereby the production process is broken down into a sequence of stages and workers are assigned to particular stages |
| Edwin Sutherland | Differential Association Theory - Social life is not disorganized but patterned through learned behavior |
| egoistic suicide | prolonged sense of not belonging, of not being integrated in a community, an experience, of not having a tether, an absence that can give rise to meaninglessness, apathy, melancholy, and depression |
| Emergent-norm theory | Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian, crowds begin as collectivities composed of people with mixed interests and motives |
| Emile Durkheim | |
| Erik Erikson | |
| ethical problems | |
| ethnocentrism | The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. |
| Expressive Leaders | |
| Family of Orientation | |
| Family of Procreation | |
| fatalistic suicide | when a person is excessively regulated, when their futures are pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline |
| Ferdinand Tonnies | best known for his distinction between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. |
| fertility rate | The amount of reproduction among women of childbearing age. |
| Folkways | Norms governing everyday social behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern. |
| formal operational stage of coginitive developement theory | |
| Free-market system of distribution | |
| functional approach | A sociological approach that emphasizes the way that parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. |
| functionalism | |
| functionalist view of deviance | |
| functionalist view of stratification | |
| gemeinschaft | Communities: A term used by Ferdinand Tönnies to describe close-knit communities, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members. |
| general deterrence | |
| gesellschaft | Societies: A term used by Ferdinand Tönnies to describe communities, often urban, that are large and impersonal with little commitment to the group or consensus on values. |
| Group Conformity | |
| Gustave Lebon | |
| Hawthorne Effect | The unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their subjects. |
| horticultural societies | Preindustrial societies in which people plant seeds and crops rather than subsist merely on available foods. |
| hunting societies | A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fiber are readily available in order to live. |
| In-group | Any group or category to which people feel they belong. |
| Institutionalized Racism | The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. |
| Instrumental Leaders | |
| intragenerational mobility | Changes in the social position of children relative to their parents. |
| Iron Law of Oligarchy | A principle of organizational life developed by Robert Michels under which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals. |
| J. L. Moreno | |
| Jean Piaget | |
| Karl Marx | |
| Legitimacy | |
| Lewis Killian | |
| Looking-glass self | A concept used by Charles Horton Cooley that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions with others. |
| Master status | A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society. |
| Max Weber | |
| Mores | Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. |
| Norms | Established standards of behavior maintained by a society. |
| Overurbanization | |
| Parkinson's Law | |
| pastoral societies | |
| Peer Group | |
| Peter Principle | A principle of organizational life, originated by Laurence J. Peter, according to which each individual within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. |
| Pluralist Model | A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to governmental officials so that no single group is dominant. |
| Polytheistic | |
| Population Growth Rate | |
| postindustrial society | A society whose economic system is primarily engaged in the processing and control of information. |
| Power Elite model | A term used by C. Wright Mills for a small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States. |
| preoperational stage of coginitive developement theory | |
| primary group | A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. |
| psychoanalysis | |
| Ralph Turner | |
| rational-legal authority | |
| reality principle | |
| Reference Group | Any group that individuals use as a standard in evaluating themselves and their own behavior. |
| representative sample | A selection from a larger population that is statistically found to be typical of that population |
| Robert Merton | |
| Robert Michels | |
| role conflict | Difficulties that occur when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person. |
| role strain | Difficulties that result from the differing demands and expectations associated with the same social position. |
| sacred | Elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear. |
| secondary analysis | A variety of research techniques that make use of publicly accessible information and data. |
| sect | A relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith. |
| sensorimotor | |
| sigmund freud | |
| social change | Significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including norms and values. |
| social control | The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. |
| social mobility | Movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society's stratification system to another. |
| social movement | Organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society. |
| social stratification | A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society. |
| socialization agents | |
| society | A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture. |
| sociocultural evolution | The process of change and development in human societies that results from cumulative growth in their stores of cultural information. |
| sociological imagination | An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society. |
| sociometry | |
| status | A term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. |
| status set | |
| stigma | A label used to devalue members of deviant social groups. |
| stratified sampling | |
| subculture | A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. |
| survey | A study, generally in the form of interviews or questionnaires, that provides sociologists and other researchers with information concerning how people think and act. |
| symbolic interactionism | |
| tertiary sector of the economy | |
| The Elementary FOrms of Religious Life | |
| The Power Elite | A term used by C. Wright Mills for a small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States. |
| the Protestant Ethic | Max Weber's term for the disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers. |
| the Spirit of Capitalism | |
| totalitarian government | |
| traditional authority | Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice. |
| Verstehen | The German word for "understanding" or "insight"; used by Max Weber to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. |
| voluntary associations | |
| sex ratio | |
| Robert Park | |
| Karl Mannheim | |
| Chicago School of Sociology | |
| primary groups | A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. |
| Comte | Coined the term socilogy; founder of sociology; 19th century positivist |
| mechanical solidarity | |
| functional differentiation | |
| organic solidarity | |
| co-optation | |
| The three dimensions of social stratification | |
| SMSA (meaning) | |
| positivism | in the social as well as natural sciences, information derived from sensory experience, logical and mathematical treatments and reports of such data, are together the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge |
Created by:
Sarah1948
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