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Homeostasis
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance MC Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in | fluid balance |
| When the production of hydrogen ions in your body is precisely offset by the loss, you are in | acid-base balance |
| Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the | kidneys and sweat glands |
| Clinically, approximately two-thirds of the total body water content is | intracellular fluid |
| Extracellular fluids in the body consist of | interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, serous fluids, aqueous humor, perilymph, and endolymph |
| The principal ions in the extracellular fluid are | sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate |
| Physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by | ADH, aldosterone, and ANP |
| The two important effects of increased release of ADH are | reduction of urinary water losses and stimulation of the thirst center |
| Secretion of aldosterone occurs in response to | a drop in plasma volume at the JGA, a decline in filtrate osmotic concentration at DCT, and high potassium ion concentrations |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone | reduces thirst, blocks the release of ADH, blocks the release of aldosterone |
| The principle ions of ICF are | potassium, magnesium, and phosphate |
| The force that tends to push water out of the plasma and into the interstitial fluid is the | het hydrostatic pressure |
| The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the | net hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressures |
| If the ECF is hypertonic with respect the ICF, water will move | from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored |
| When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECF rises and osmosis then moves water | out of the ICF and into the ECF until isotonicity is reached |
| When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes | hypotonic with respect to the ICF |
| The concentration of the potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion | along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting system of the nephron |
| The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the | bone, digestive tract, kidneys |
| The hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when | the plasma PCO2 is rising or falling |
| The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to prevent pH changes caused by | organic acid and fixed acids in the ECF |
| Pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems by | secreting or generating hydrogen ions, controlling the excretion of acids and bases, and generating additional buffers when necessary |
| The lungs contribute to pH regulation by their effects on the | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
| Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by | lowering or raising the PCO2 |
| Examples of mechanisms involved in the renal response to acidosis include | secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- |
| When carbon dioxide concentrations rise, additional hydrogen ions are produced and the pH | goes down |
| Disorders that have the potential for disrupting pH balance in the body include | emphysema, renal failure, neural damage, CNS disease, heart failure, and hypotension |
| Respiratory alkalosis develops when | respiratory activity lower plasma PCO2 to below-normal levels |
| The most frequent cause of metabolic acidosis is | production of a large number of fixed or organic acids |
| A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is | respiratory acid-base disorder |
| The major causes of metabolic acidosis are | production of a large number of fixed or organic acids, impaired ability to excrete H_ at the kidneys, and a severe bicarbonate loss |
| The most important factor affecting the pH in body tissues is | the PCO2 |
| As a result of the aging process, the ability to regulate pH through renal compensation declines due to | a reduction in the number of functional nephrons |
| The risk of respiratory acidosis in the elderly is increased due to | a reduction in vital capacity |
| All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the | extracellular fluid |
| Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in | plasma volume or osmolarity |
| All water transport across cell membranes and epithelia occurs passively, in response to | osmotic gradients and hydrostatic pressure |
| When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in | fluid balance |
| When the production of hydrogen ions in your body is precisely offset by the loss, you are in | acid-base balance |
| Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the | kidneys and sweat glands |
| Clinically, approximately two-thirds of the total body water content is | intracellular fluid |
| Extracellular fluids in the body consist of | interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, serous fluids, aqueous humor, perilymph, and endolymph |
| The principal ions in the extracellular fluid are | sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate |
| Physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by | ADH, aldosterone, and ANP |
| The two important effects of increased release of ADH are | reduction of urinary water losses and stimulation of the thirst center |
| Secretion of aldosterone occurs in response to | a drop in plasma volume at the JGA, a decline in filtrate osmotic concentration at DCT, and high potassium ion concentrations |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone | reduces thirst, blocks the release of ADH, blocks the release of aldosterone |
| The principle ions of ICF are | potassium, magnesium, and phosphate |
| The force that tends to push water out of the plasma and into the interstitial fluid is the | het hydrostatic pressure |
| The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the | net hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressures |
| If the ECF is hypertonic with respect the ICF, water will move | from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored |
| When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECF rises and osmosis then moves water | out of the ICF and into the ECF until isotonicity is reached |
| When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes | hypotonic with respect to the ICF |
| The concentration of the potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion | along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting system of the nephron |
| The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the | bone, digestive tract, kidneys |
| The hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when | the plasma PCO2 is rising or falling |
| The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to prevent pH changes caused by | organic acid and fixed acids in the ECF |
| Pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems by | secreting or generating hydrogen ions, controlling the excretion of acids and bases, and generating additional buffers when necessary |
| The lungs contribute to pH regulation by their effects on the | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
| Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by | lowering or raising the PCO2 |
| Examples of mechanisms involved in the renal response to acidosis include | secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- |
| When carbon dioxide concentrations rise, additional hydrogen ions are produced and the pH | goes down |
| Disorders that have the potential for disrupting pH balance in the body include | emphysema, renal failure, neural damage, CNS disease, heart failure, and hypotension |
| Respiratory alkalosis develops when | respiratory activity lower plasma PCO2 to below-normal levels |
| The most frequent cause of metabolic acidosis is | production of a large number of fixed or organic acids |
| A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is | respiratory acid-base disorder |
| The major causes of metabolic acidosis are | production of a large number of fixed or organic acids, impaired ability to excrete H_ at the kidneys, and a severe bicarbonate loss |
| The most important factor affecting the pH in body tissues is | the PCO2 |
| As a result of the aging process, the ability to regulate pH through renal compensation declines due to | a reduction in the number of functional nephrons |
| The risk of respiratory acidosis in the elderly is increased due to | a reduction in vital capacity |
| All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the | extracellular fluid |
| Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in | plasma volume or osmolarity |
| All water transport across cell membranes and epithelia occurs passively, in response to | osmotic gradients and hydrostatic pressure |
| When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in | fluid balance |
| When the production of hydrogen ions in your body is precisely offset by the loss, you are in | acid-base balance |
| Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the | kidneys and sweat glands |
| Clinically, approximately two-thirds of the total body water content is | intracellular fluid |
| Extracellular fluids in the body consist of | interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, serous fluids, aqueous humor, perilymph, and endolymph |
| The principal ions in the extracellular fluid are | sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate |
| Physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by | ADH, aldosterone, and ANP |
| The two important effects of increased release of ADH are | reduction of urinary water losses and stimulation of the thirst center |
| Secretion of aldosterone occurs in response to | a drop in plasma volume at the JGA, a decline in filtrate osmotic concentration at DCT, and high potassium ion concentrations |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone | reduces thirst, blocks the release of ADH, blocks the release of aldosterone |
| The principle ions of ICF are | potassium, magnesium, and phosphate |
| The force that tends to push water out of the plasma and into the interstitial fluid is the | het hydrostatic pressure |
| The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the | net hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressures |
| If the ECF is hypertonic with respect the ICF, water will move | from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored |
| When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECF rises and osmosis then moves water | out of the ICF and into the ECF until isotonicity is reached |
| When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes | hypotonic with respect to the ICF |
| The concentration of the potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion | along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting system of the nephron |
| The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the | bone, digestive tract, kidneys |
| The hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when | the plasma PCO2 is rising or falling |
| The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to prevent pH changes caused by | organic acid and fixed acids in the ECF |
| Pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems by | secreting or generating hydrogen ions, controlling the excretion of acids and bases, and generating additional buffers when necessary |
| The lungs contribute to pH regulation by their effects on the | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
| Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by | lowering or raising the PCO2 |
| Examples of mechanisms involved in the renal response to acidosis include | secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- |
| When carbon dioxide concentrations rise, additional hydrogen ions are produced and the pH | goes down |
| Disorders that have the potential for disrupting pH balance in the body include | emphysema, renal failure, neural damage, CNS disease, heart failure, and hypotension |
| Respiratory alkalosis develops when | respiratory activity lower plasma PCO2 to below-normal levels |
| The most frequent cause of metabolic acidosis is | production of a large number of fixed or organic acids |
| A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is | respiratory acid-base disorder |
| The major causes of metabolic acidosis are | production of a large number of fixed or organic acids, impaired ability to excrete H_ at the kidneys, and a severe bicarbonate loss |
| The most important factor affecting the pH in body tissues is | the PCO2 |
| As a result of the aging process, the ability to regulate pH through renal compensation declines due to | a reduction in the number of functional nephrons |
| The risk of respiratory acidosis in the elderly is increased due to | a reduction in vital capacity |
| All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the | extracellular fluid |
| Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in | plasma volume or osmolarity |
| All water transport across cell membranes and epithelia occurs passively, in response to | |
| Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to | keep the sodium concentration constant |
| Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by | stimulating thirst, causing the release of ADH, triggering the secretion of aldosterone |
| The rate of tubular secretion of potassium ions changes in response to | alterations in the potassium ion concentration in the ECF |
| The most important factor affecting the pH in body tissues is | carbon dioxide concentration |
| The body content of water or electrolytes will rise if | intake exceeds outflow |
| When an individual loses body water, plasma volume | decreases and electrolyte concentrations rise |
| The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by | an imbalance between sodium gains and losses |
| Sodium ions enter the ECF by crossing the digestive epithelium via | diffusion and carrier-mediated transport |
| Deviations outside the normal pH range due to changes in hydrogen ion concentrations | disrupt the stability of cell membranes, alter protein structure, change the activities of important enzymes |
| When the PCO2 increases and additional hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are released into the plasma, the pH | goes down; acidity goes up |
| Important examples of organic acids found in the body are | lactic acid and ketone bodies |
| In a protein buffer system, if the pH increases, a carboxyl group of an amino acid dissociates and releases a | hydrogen ion |
| Normal pH values are limited to the range of | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| The condition that results when the respiratory system cannot eliminate all the carbon dioxide generated by peripheral tissues is | respiratory acidosis |
| When a pulmonary response cannot reverse respiratory acidosis, the kidneys respons by | increasing the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate |
| Chronic diarrhea causes a severe loss of bicarbonate ions, resulting in | metabolic acidosis |
| Compensation for metabolic alkalosis involves | decrease in pulmonary ventilation; increase in loss of bicarbonate in the urine |
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ariellebtan
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