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Grade 8 History
Benchmark Reviews Vocabulary
| Word | Definitions |
|---|---|
| Political Issues | Issues related to government, conflict resolution and decision-making for a group of people. |
| Economic Issues | Issues related to money, taxes, and production of goods and services. |
| Social Issues | Issues related to culture, work, lifestyle... |
| Domestic | Having to do with one's own homeland. |
| International | Involving other countries. |
| Era | A historical period identified by some prominent figure or characteristic. |
| 13 Colonies | Original east coast areas settle by Great Britain/England beginning in 1607 that became the original 13 states. |
| Colonists | People who settle and live in a colony. |
| Taxation | Government process of charging a fee on goods, products, people and/or activities. |
| Grievances | Complaints. |
| Consent of the governed | Idea that people give government its power through the "...just consent of the governed" as stated in the Declaration. |
| Blockade | To cut off supplies; a military and economic tool used to force a nation of area to suffer shortages and to give up fighting; called naval blockade when ships are used. |
| Great Britain (England) | The "mother country" for the 13 colonies; country we fought against for the independence of the United States. |
| Republic | A government that elects its leaders. |
| Representative Government | Government that votes for representatives who serve in the government to make and enfore law and in the best interest of the people; the U.S. has a representative democracy; another term used for representative democracy is republic. |
| Culture (groups) | Way of life and the group(s) that live and represent that way of life. |
| Demographic data | Statistics about the numbers and characteristics of people living in an area. |
| Level(s) of development | Refers to the amount and quality of economic and industrial resources, often related to national income. |
| Standard of Living | Use indicators such as income, education, birth rate/death rate, $ spent on food, population density, and so on to determine quality of life. |
| Nation | Country with borders and an organized government which freely exercises authority within the borders. |
| Distribution | Related to trade and how resources and products are divided and allocated. |
| Free-enterprise Economic System | The system in the US, and other free market economies. It includes economic choice, competition, profit motive, and limited government regulation of the economy. |
| Command Economic System | Central government owns most of the means of production in a country and controls most economic decisions. |
| Basic Needs | Food, clothing, shelter (water is food). |
| Goods and Services | Goods (things) are products made for sale/barter and services (actions) are products people provide. |
| Subsistence Agriculture | Growing crops just to support a family and not have any extra (surplus) for sale. |
| Market-Oriented Agricullture | Growing crops for commercial sale and distribution to domestic and international buyers. |
| Capital | Goods used to produce other goods. |
| Cottage Industries | Small-scale production requiring little capital. |
| Commercial Industries | Large-scale production of good by large companies of corporations. |
| Industrialization | The process of creating commercial industry including heavy industry such as steel. |
| Trade | Excange of goods and services. |
| Technological Innovations | The introduction of new technology which often changes lifestyle and production. |
| Tariff/Duty | Tax on imports and exports; in the US export tariffs are unconstitutional. |
| Protective tariff | A high tariff established to protect a particular industry. |
| Export | Goods sold to buyers outside the country. |
| Import | Goods bought from sellers in other countries. |
| Geographic Context | Ways that geography influences a historical or current event. |
| Cultural Diffusion | Spread of ideas, technology, religion, language and other cultural practices over time and across space. |
| Physical Features | Geographic features found in nature such as mountains, lakes... |
| Human Features | Features of a place made by humads such as roads, canals, buildings... |
| Environment | All things that surround us. |
| Migration Patterns | Route of human movement for animals or people across or within a given area. |
| Immigration Patterns | Routes of human movement from one area/country into another. |
| Regions | Large area that has common features that set it apart from other areas. |
| Patterns of Settlement | Describing similarities in the places and ways people move into and stay in a given area. |
| Geographic Factors | The human and physical characteristics of a place. |
| Landforms | Individual features of the land such as mountains, hill, valley, or prairie... |
| Waterforms | Individual water features such as ocean, gulf, lake, bayou, and so on. |
| Adaptations to the Environment | Ways people learn to use and live with their environment. Adaptations might include wearing cooler clothing in hot weather or building adobe houses in a dry climate. |
| Modification to the Environment | Changes made by people to their surroundings to improve lifestyle. |
| Urban | Relating to the city, of or in a city. |
| Rural | Relating to the countryside, of or in the countryside. |
| Suburban | Smaller community located in the area surrounding a city. |
| Representative Government | Government where people elect others to speak and act on their behalf. |
| Amendments | An official change to a law or document of government. |
| Ratify | To officialy approve. |
| Veto | Power of the president to reject a bill passed by Congress. |
| Unconstitutional | Actions or laws contrary to the Constitution as determined by the courts. |
| Nullify | To declare something to be without power or effect; to disregard the power of something as in the Nullification Crisis. |
| Citizens | Member of a country. |
| Unalienable Rights | Rights that cannot be taken away or surrendered. |
| Democracy (democratic society) | Form of government in which citizens rule, either directly or by choosing leaders to rule, usually through voting. |
| Limited Government | Type of government where, through law, some control is placed on leadership's such as democracy. |
| Unlimited Government | Government in which leaders rule without any restrictions such as a dictatorship or other totalitarian government. |
| Suffrage | The right to vote and the exercise of that right. |
| Landmark case | Key decisions by the courts that interpret the law such as Brown v Board of Education which led to integration or Marbury v Madison whch led to judicial review. |
| Parliament | The law-making assembly in Great Britain (England) and other parliamentary democracies. |
| Primary Source | An original document, artifact, picture, journal, cartoon from the period in which an event occured or a record from a person who participated in the event. |
| Secondary Source | Information that comes from other sources (either primary or secondary) such as a textbook, encyclopedia. |
| Historical Context | The historical setting for an event or a primary source. |
| Frame of Reference | The perspective from which a person views historical or current issues and events. |
| Bias | Slanted coverage or one-sided information about an event; prejudiced information. |
| Sequence | Putting things in a logical order; using chronological order to organize events based on dates. |
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fieldhockeyfille28
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