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UKCD Histo Female Re
test objective answers to female reproductive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classify the lining epithelium of the ovary. | A modified peritoneum - simple low cuboidal epithelium |
| What layer lies just below peritoneum lining? | Tunica albuginea. |
| How is the remainder of the ovary structured? | Into an outer cortex and inner medulla. |
| In what state are the majority of the primary oogonia stored? | As primary oocytes (arrested in the prophase step of meiosis I). |
| List the 4 main forms of oogonia within the ovary prior to ovulation. | Primordial follicles; primary follicles; secondary (antral) follicles; mature (Graafian) follicles. |
| List the components of a primordial ovarian follicle. | A primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells |
| What cells surround each primordial follicle? | A thickened layer of follicular cells that have become cuboidal in shape and are referred to as granulosa cells. |
| What is the characteristic morphological feature of a primary follicle? | The appearance of the zona pellucida (an amorphous substance that separates the oocyte from the surrounding follicular cells). |
| What are the stromal cells doing in this phase? | They organize around the follicle into an inner theca interna (highly vascularized) and outer theca externa (fibrous CT). |
| What is the zona pellucida? | An amorphous layer separating the oocyte from the surrounding follicular cells. |
| What is the characteristic morophological features of a secondary follicle? | The appearance of a fluid-filled liquor folliculi (spaces) within the granulosa cell layer. |
| What is the cumulus oophorus? | The primary oocyte srrounded by granulosa cells projecting out into the liquor filled antrum. |
| What is the corona radiata? | The single layer of granulosa cells immediately surrounding the primary oocyte. |
| What is the characteristic morphological features of a mature follicle? | A primary oocyte, corona radiata and associated follicle cells floating free in the liquor-filled antrum. |
| What is the stigma? | A avascular area between the mature follicle and the surface of the ovary through which the oocyte will burst free into the peritoneal cavity. |
| What is a corpus luteum? | The remaining components of the mature Graafian follicle following release of the oocyte. Ruptured blood vessels in the area have leaked blood forming a central clot. |
| What cells compose a corpus luteum? | Granulosa lutein cells (remnant follicle cells) compose 80% of the corpus luteum. Theca lutein cells at the periphery make up the remaining 20%. These cells produce progesterone and estrogen. |
| What happens to the corpus if pregnancy occurs? | It continues to secrete LH maintaining the endometrium |
| What happens to the corpus structure if pregnancy does not occur? | The absence of leutinizing hormone (LH) being secreted will lead to its degeneration - forming the corpus luteum of menstruation. |
| What is a corpus albicans? | Invasion of the corpus luteum of menstration by fibroblasts, becoming fibrotic and ceasing to function (secrete hormones). It is eventually resorbed. |
| What gives the corpus albicans its “white” appearance? | The fibrous tissue formed by the invading fibroblasts. |
| What are atretic follicles? | The unsuccessfully developed mature follicles that did not ovulate become atretic follicles. |
| What happens if two mature follicles ovulate and are fertilized? | Ovulation of two mature follicles (and subsequent fertilization) result in fraternal (non-identical) twins. |
| How do paternal twins arise? | A single fertilized oocyte divides into two separate oocytes. These twins have the same sex and general appearance. |
| What is the structure of the ovarian medulla? | Primarily fibroblasts in a collagen and elastic fiber meshwork. |
| List the various cell types found here and the function/secretion of each? | Fibroblasts - secrete collagen/elastic fibers; epitheloid interstitial cells - secreting estrogens; Hilus cells - secreting androgens. |
| How do the fimbriae approximate the ovary to capture the ovulated oocyte? | The veins of the uterine tube wall become engorged with blood distending the tube and bringing it into contact with the fimbraie. |
| What are the 3 layers of the uterus? | Endometrium, myometrium, adventitia/serosa. |
| Which layer(s) of the uterus are shed monthly? | The stratum functionale (upper) layer of the endometrium. The stratum basale of this layer remains to regenerate the shed layer. |
| What are the various layers of the endometrium? | The stratum functionale and basale. |
| Name two type of blood vessels arising from the myometrium | Coiled helical aa. and the straight aa |
| Which blood vessel is involved in activation of menstruation? | The helical aa. rupture flushing the overyling layer(s) fvrom the uterine wall. Straight aa. only supply the undereying stratum basale. |
| How are the muscle fibers of the myometrium arranged? | 3 distinct layers of smooth muscle exist: the inner and outer layers are longitudinally arranged while the middle layer is circular in disposition. |
| What is the stratum vasculare? | The richly vascularized layer of myometrium containming arcuate aa. |
| Classify the lignin of the cervix and cervical canal. Is this lining shed monthly? | Lumen of the cervix is lined by a mucus-secreting simple columnar epi. The outer (vaginal) surface is stratified squamous epi. The cervix does NOT shed its epithelial lining monthly. |
| List the 3 main phases of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle. | Menstrual phase (days 1-4); proliferative phase (days 4-14); secretory phase (days 15-28). |
| Which one correlates with the ovarian follicular development cycle? | The proliferative phase |
| What causes the epithelium to be “flushed” from the endometrial layer? | Rupturing of dilated helical aa. on day 1 of the cycle. |
| Classify the epithelial lining of the vagina. | Stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium. |
| Why is this type of epithelium located here? | Wear and tear type suited for friction during intercourse and stretch during childbirth. |
| From where does vaginal lubrication arise? | The vestibular glands outside the vaginal oriface. |
| Classify the type of glands comprising the mammary gland | Compound tubuloalveolar glands. |
| What is the function of myoepithelial cells? | To gently squeeze the secretory cells of the mammary gland to assist in secretion. |
| What is colostrums and how long is it secreted? | Protein-rich fluid secreted during breast enlargement in pregnancy and up to the first few days after partuition. It is then replaced with milk production/secretion. |
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