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Unit 2 - Chapter 6-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Albany Congress of 1754 pg 135 | wanted to negotiate a treaty with Iroquois Confederacy, who were impatient with colonial land grabbing; also wanted colonies to consider a collective response to continuing conflict in New France - showed that colonists were not yet ready to unite |
| 2. Acadia pg 137 | GB recently defeated by France; 1755 - GB troops began to forcibly remove Acadians who refused to swear allegiance to the crown; many relocated in Louisiana |
| 3. Treaty of Paris of 1763 pg 138-9 | France lost all possessions on N.American mainland; east of Mississippi went to gB; Spain ceded Florida to GB imperial rivalry came to end with GB victorious |
| 4. Proclamation of 1763 pg 140 | GB government set the terms for continuing policy towards Indians; west of Appalachian Mountains was "Indian Country"; colonists outraged, thought they could move west at will |
| 5.Republicanism pg 142 | Declared that the truly just society provided the greatest possible liberty to individuals; authority of a ruler should be conditional and people had right to select and withdraw their own government officials; inspiration for future American motifs |
| 6. Sugar Act pg 143 | Passed by George Grenville in 1764; tax on sugar imported into the colonies and enforcement of the Navigation Acts; hurt merchants the most (economic depression and tariffs?) |
| 7. Stamp Act pg 143-5 | Passed by Grenville in 1765; tax that required a specially embossed paper for all newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, etc; affected lawyers, printers, influential colonists (not just merchants); protests, 'no tax w/out rep'; repealed in 1766 |
| 8. Declaratory Act pg 145 | Lord Rockingham (1766); asserted Parliament's full authority to make laws binding the colonies at any time; signaled conflict had been deferred, not solved |
| 9. Townshend Acts pg 146 | 1767; external tax on commodities like lead, glass, paint, paper, and tea; colonial response of resistance to unconstitutional measures, not of violence |
| 10. Non-importation pg 146-7 | boycotts against British goods; supported by craftsmen, because consumers would buy their products; Daughters of Liberty; great sucess |
| 11. Massachusetts Circular Letter pg 147-8 | drawn up by Samuel Adams in Boston in 1768; little more than propaganda denouncing the Townshend Acts and attacking GB; GB ordered letter to be rescinded and delete all mention; radicals voted to defy wishes |
| 12. Boston Massacre pg 148-9 | conflict between GB and colonials in Boston in 1770; colonists taunting soldiers, who fired back; first deadly tension between soldiers and townspeople |
| 13. Intolerable (Coercive) Acts pg 151-2 | 1774, passed because of Boston Tea Party; closed Boston port; annulled colonial charter of Mass.; town meetings were prohibited; ended long history of self-rule by communities; legalized housing troops in private homes; GB officials tried in GB |
| 14. Quebec Act pg 152 | GB authorized permanent centralized government for Canada; authoritatian, antirepublican administration; colonists saw it as a preview of what imperial authorities might have in store for colonies |
| 15. First Continental Congress pg 152-3 | delegates arrived in Philly in 1774; Declaration and Resolves (declared GB acts in violation of immutable rights and would impose sanctions on GB until repealed); when people began to refer to the colonies as American "states" |
| 16. Lexington and Concord pg 154 | GB troops sent from Boston to Concord to steal ammunition; Lexington militia intercepts GB troops on way; first shots of revolution; GB forced to retreat at Concord, shot at on road back to Boston; showed that colonists would be a force to fight with |
| 17. Second Continental Congress pg 155-9 | 1775, all 13 colonies; put colonies in state of defense (local militias + Continental Army); finance w/bonds and loans; wrote Declaration of Independence |
| 18. Olive Branch Treaty pg 156 | passed by 2nd Continental Congress 1775; professed allegiance to GB; one last try for peace - if GB repeals acts and doesn't tax, we won't revolt; fails, and so significant because America revolts |
| 19. Thomas Paine pg 157-8 | author of Common Sense 1776; helped to breach emotional ties w/GB; argued that aristocracy and monarchy (and ergo GB) didn't work well for America; most important writing during Revolution; reshaped popular opinion & put independence squarely on agenda |
| 20. Militias pg 165-6 | local militias made of community men; discipline was an issue; Patriots tended to seize control of local governments; perhaps most important role was to force colonists to chose a side and not stay neutral - rallied American spirit (even if forced) |
| 21. Loyalists pg 167-8 | about 1/5 of population was proGB; tended to be in the lower sough, GB colonial officials, ethnic minorities, slaves, Indians; persecuted by patriots (tar and feather, land/rights taken away); some fought, many fled |
| 22. Saratoga pg 169-70 | 1777, colonist victory over GB; forced European nations to recognize that Americans could possibly win; resulted in French support of colonists |
| 23. Indian alliance pg 172 | ended up siding with GB; argued that a patriot vicotry would mean the extension of American settlements into Indian homelands; hostilities in west not settled at war's end |
| 24. Yorktown pg 175 | American and French troops surrounded French at Yorktown, 1781; Cornwallis surrenders; due to low popular support and high cost, GB decides to end fighting and call for peace talks to begin |
| 25. Articles of Confederation pg 176 | adopted in 1777, ratified in 1781; created a loose central government, strong states; natinal assembly w/each state having 1 vote; national authority of foreign affairs, war and peace, but couldn't tax; MD would only ratify if states gave up new west land |
| 26. Treaty of Paris of 1783 pg 177 | US, afraid that FR would take advantage of them, created own treaty with GB; GB recognized independence of America and to withdraw troops, boarders expand to Mississippi; Spain won FL back |
| 27. Army pensions pg 178-9 | demobilization was an issue - when would troops be paid and how much?; officers demanded that pensions be converted to bonus, but Congress refused; Washington stepped in and told people to stop(Congress eventually met demands); showed infl. of Washington |
| 28. Land Ordinance of 1785 pg 181-2 | divide western territory into states and settlers in them immediate self-gov; territories could apply for statehood once big enough; sold acres for $1; biggest achievement of AofC |
| 29. Virginia Declaration of Rights pg 184 | 1776; precursor to US Constitution; declared that people have right to life and liberty; sovereignty resided in the people and that people had the right to change government; freedom of press and religion |
| 30. Inflation pg 187 | during revolution, shortage of goods, high demand for military supplies, flood of paper currency; Continental dollars worthless; merchants would gouge prices; price/food riots; big reason as to why AofC went down |
| 31. Economic Depression pg 187-8 | independent US created trade deficit with GB; merchants demanded immediate payment; very little coin in circulation; struck while country was in huge debt, but AofC couldn't raise taxes on its own; petitioned for states to give $, but had debts themselves |
| 32. Shays' Rebellion pg 189 | rural farmers had been hit especially hard and couldn't repay debts; 1786; farmers mustered community militias and closed the courts; mostly in Mass, but spread in N.England; community raised militias ended it; showed weakness of AofC, needs + central gov |
| 33. Nationalists pg 196 | argued for strengthened union of states; drawn from more elite circles of US (merchants, former officers, conservatives);economic crisis gave allowed them to capital; shaped US Constitution |
| 34. Annapolis Convention of 1786 pg 196 | cald for by James Madison for a nationalist commercial conference in Annapolis, only 5 states came; called to endorse a new convention in Philly to alter/strengthen the AofC |
| 35. Constitutional Convention pg 196-7 | 55 men from 12 states in 1787 (no RI); all were white men of social and economic elite, no farmers or artisans; Washington was chair; delegates agreed to vote by states; ended up starting new constitution, not just revision of AofC |
| 36. Virginia Plan pg 197-8 | scrap AofC for consolidated gov that could tax and directly enforce laws; states were administrative districts; bicameral legislature- HouseofRep, popular vote, representation by population; Senate picked by state leg.; opposition from small states |
| 37. New Jersey Plan pg 197-8 | single-house Congress, but increase powers; equal representation of states; favored by small states (wouldnt get swallowed up by larger ones) |
| 38. Great Compromise pg 198 | proportional representation by population in House, representation by states in Senate; showed the Convention could compromise and wouldn't go down in flames |
| 39. Three-fifths Rule pg 198 | 5 slaves = 3 freemen; could could towards population (south happy), but also property tax (north happy); showed that freedom of slaves took backseat to possible dismemberment of union |
| 40. Federalists pg 198 | supporters of the new Constitution; tended to be merchants, manufactureres, large landowners, or professionals; more urban areas |
| 41. Anti-Federalists pg 198-9 | critics of the Constitution; thought it created too strong a central gov; republic wouldn't work in such a large area; farmers, rural people; wanted a Bill of Rights (biggest accomplishment) |
| 42. Bill of Rights pg 200 | key to ratification of the Constitution and victory for anti-feds; 1791; spells out (generalish) rights for the colonists; more powers than just those listed in constitution |
| 43. Tariff of 1789 pg 202 | protective tariff to develop an industrial economy and eliminate need for income/property taxes; encourage to buy american goods, but sometimes only foreign products were available; sign of more reforms to come |
| 44. Report on Public Credit pg 202 | 1790; ay off all bonds at face value; speculators bought up bonds after war, but Hamilton argues that having a good, public credit is more important; some states had alreay paid off debt, so controversial |
| 45. Hamilton's Bank Plan pg 202-3 | Argues need for national bank; Madison and Jefferson oppose, not an enumerated power; Hamilton argues implied; washington supports creation of a national bank; shows Federalist leanings |
| 46. Whiskey Rebellion pg 207 | backcountry distillers considered tax on whiskey unfair; tar and feather collectors; Washington summons troops, but unsure if they will arrive (they do); doesn't want to appear weak; federal gov prevailed over state; will fight to defend union |
| 47. Indian Intercourse Act pg 205 | made treaties the only legal way to obtain Indian lands; 1790; US ends ugp getting huge amounts of land from Ohio Indians anyway after forcing treaties |
| 48. Jay's Treaty pg 207-8 | GB withdraw troops from US; pay for damages to US ships; most favored trading status, US plege to pay GB pre-war debt; really angers Jefferson; shows political tension between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans |
| 49. Pickney's Treaty of 1795 pg 208 | Spain agrees to give US land to Mississippi river and access to New Orleans; makes backcountry farmers happy; so passed only if jay's treaty also passed (it is) |
| 50. Washington's Farewell Address pg 208 | Washington warns country to stay neutral and not get involved in foreign affairs that don't involve us directly; precedent followed for many years |
| Timeline #1: | 1754: Albany Congress 1756: Seven Years War begins in Europe 1763: Treaty of Paris; Proclamation of 1763, creating "Indian Country" 1764: Sugar Act 1765: Stamp Act 1766: Declaratory Act 1767: Townshend Revenue Acts 1774: Intolerable Acts; 1st Conti |
| Timeline #2: | 1775: Lexington & Concord; 2nd Continental Congress 1776: Common Sense; Declaration of Independence 1777: Battle of Saratoga 1781: Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown 1783: Treaty of Paris 1785: Land Ordinance of 1785 1786: Shays' Rebellion |
| Timeline #3: | 1787: Constitutional Convention 1788: Constitution ratified 1791: Bill of Rights ratified 17894: Whiskey Rebellion; Jay's Treaty 1795: Pickney's Treaty 1798: XYZ Affair |
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