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PoliticalSciExam1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Authoritarianism? | A system of government in which the government holds strong powers but is checked by some forces. |
| Define Capitalism | An economic system in which the means of producing wealth are privately owned and operated to produce profits. |
| Define Consent of the governed | The idea that, in a democracy, the government's power derives from the consent of the people. |
| Define Conservatism | An ideology that emphasizes preserving tradition and relying on community and family as mechanisms of continuity in society. |
| Define Democracy | Government in which the supreme power of governance lies in the hands of its citizens. |
| Define Direct Democracy | A system of government that allows citizens to vote directly to approve or reject proposed public policies or to force an elected official from office before the completion of his or her term. |
| Define Indirect Democracy | Sometimes called a representative democracy; a system in which citizens elect representatives who decide policies on behalf of their constituents. |
| Define Government | The institution that creates and implements policy and laws that guide the conduct of the nation and its citizens. |
| Define Liberalism | An ideology that advocates change in the social, political, and economic realms to better protect the well-being of individuals and to produce equality within society. |
| Define Libertarianism | An ideology whose advocates believe that government should take a "hands off" approach in most matters. |
| Define Majority rule | The idea that in a democracy, only policies with 50 percent plus one vote are enacted, and only candidates that win 50 percent plus one vote are elected. |
| Define Political culture | The people's collective beliefs and attitudes about government and political processes. |
| Define Political ideology | An integrated system of ideas or beliefs about political values in general and the role of government in particular. |
| Define Politics | The process of deciding who gets benefits in society and who is excluded from benefiting. |
| Define Socialism | An ideology that advocates economic equality, theoretically achieved by having the government or workers own the means of production (businesses and industry). |
| Define Totalitarianism | A system of government in which the government essentially controls every aspect of people's lives. |
| What are the 3 branches of government in the U.S.? | Executive, legislative, & Judicial |
| What are several functions of government in which formal institutions, like the 3 branches of government, reside? | Sets rules for society, defense&security, political & economical stability, regulation of economy, public goods/services, reflects cultural values, "coercive aspect"=someone breaks the law then they will be punished, mediates between conflicting views. |
| How does government mediate between conflicting views? | Voting, Political Parties, Lobbying, Interest groups, Unions, and Professional Associations. |
| Another term for Informal institutions | Linkage institutions |
| List some informal institutions | Protesting, Boycotts, Petitions, Ballot Propositions, and Media |
| Define Political System | Interaction between government and society at large. (review diagram in notes) |
| Political System Diagram in notes | People (needs, wants) to linkage institutions to government formal institutions to Public policy to People and around and around. Note the difference in democracy and authoritarianism in the middle of the circle. |
| Define Public policy | Response of government to a perceived political issue |
| List the types of public policy | Laws, presidential decisions, court decisions, regulations |
| Define Trade-off | Governent will respond to certain needs instead of others, they change throughout time |
| List some specific trade-offs | Liberty (Freedom) vs. Equality, Liberty (Freedom) vs. Order, Privacy vs. Technology |
| Every ideology tries to answer what question? | What should be the role of government? |
| Define Anti-Federalists | Individuals who opposed ratification of the Constitution because they were deeply suspicious of the powers it gave to the national government and of the impact these powers would have on states' authority and individual freedoms. |
| Define Bicameral legislature | A legislative body composed of tow chambers |
| Define Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which were ratified in 1791, constituting an enumeration o of the individual liberties with which the government is forbidden to interfere. |
| Define Checks and balances | The mechanisms by which each branch of government can monitor and limit the functions of the other branches. |
| Define Confederation | A national government composed of a league of independent states and in which the central government has less power than the member states. |
| Define Connectitcut Compromise: Great Compromise | At the constitituional convention, the compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a bicameral legislature with one chamber's representation based on population and the other having two members for each state. |
| Define Electoral College | A group of people elected by voters in each state to elect the president and the vice president. |
| Define Federalists | Individuals who supported the new Constitution as presented by the Constitutional Convention in 1787. |
| Define Judicial Review | Court authority to determine that an action taken by any government official or governing body violates the Constitution. |
| Define Marbury v. Madison | The 1803 Supreme Court case that established the power of judicial review, which allows the Court to strike down laws passed by the other branches that it views to be in conflict with the Constitution. |
| Define Natural rights | Aka Unalienable rights; The rights possessed by all humans as a gift from nature, or god, including the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. |
| Define the New Jersey Plan | The proposal presented by states with smaller populations at the Constitutional Convention in response to James Madison's Virginia Plan. |
| Define Separation of powers | the Constitution's delegation of authority for the primary governing functions among three branches of government so that no one group of government officials controls all the governing functions. |
| Define the Three-fifths Compromise | The negotiated agreement by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention to count each slave as three-fifths a free man for the purpose of representation and taxes. |
| Define Unicameral legislature | A legislative body with a single chamber. |
| Define the Virginia Plan | James Madison's proposal at the Constitutional Conversation for a new governmental structure, which favored states with larger population. |
| Define Amendment | A change or addition to a legal document which, when properly signed, has the same legal power as the original document. |
| first define confederation | Confederation: an alliance of separate peoples for a common purpose: a league of friendship, Native Americans used this all the time. |
| Define Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) | 1. National unicameral congress (1state/1vote) 2. No national presidency or courts 3. No power of taxation 4. could declare war; no military (military was voluntary) 5. Any changes needed unanimous consent of all 13 states |
| Define Block grants | The intergovernmental transfer of money that has fewer conditions of aid than a categorical grant and is used for broadly defined policy areas; it is distributed based on complicated formulas. |
| Define the Categorical formula grants | The intergovernmental transfer of money for a specified program area for which the amount of money a government is eligible to receive is based on a legislated formula. |
| Define Categorical project grants | The intergovernmental transfer of money for a specified program area for which recipients compete by proposing specific projects they want to implement. |
| Define Commerce clause | The Commerce Clause refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.” |
| Define Cooperative federalism | The relationship between the national and state governments whereby the two levels of government work together to address domestic matters reserved to the states, driven by the policy priorities of the states. |
| Define Devolution | The process whereby the national government returns policy responsibilities to state and/or local governments. |
| Define Dual federalism | The relationship between the national and state governments, dominant between 1789 and 1932, whereby the two levels of government functioned independently of each other to address their distinct constitutional responsibilities. |
| Define Enumerated powers | The powers of the national government that are listed in the Constitution. |
| Define Federalism and give examples | Division of power between the national & state governments Examples: U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Nigeria, India, Russia, Germany, South Africa |
| Define Full faith and credit clause | The constitutional clause that requires sates to comply with and uphold the public acts, records, and judicial decisions of other sates. |
| Define Grants-in-aid | aka intergovernmental transfer; The transfer of money from one government to another government (or from a government to a nonprofit organization, for-profit organization, or individual) that does not need to be paid back. |
| Define Implied powers | The powers of the national gov. that are not enumerated in the Constitution but that Congress claims are necessary and proper for the national gov. to fulfill its enumerated powers in accordance with the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution. |
| Define Mandates | Clauses in legislation that direct state and local governments to comply with national legislation and national standards. |
| Define McCullgch v. Maryland | The 1819 case that established that the necessary and proper clause justifies broad understandings of enumerated powers. |
| Define Necessary and proper clause | aka Elastic clause: A Clause in Article I, section 8, of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to do whatever it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis for the implied powers. |
| Define Supremacy clause | The paragraph in Article VI that makes the Constitution, and the treaties and laws created in compliance with it, the supreme law of the land. |
| Define Unitary System | A governmental structure in which one central government has sovereignty, although it may create regional governments to which it delegates responsibilities. |
| 10th Amendment | States Rights |
| Constitutional Framework for Federalism: | 1. Article 6: Supremacy clause-1) U.S. Constitution which is supreme law 2) Foreign treaties 3) National Laws are supreme over state laws 2. 10th Amendment-states rights 3. preemtion:federal gov. are supreme over state in certain areas like immigration |
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