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Cells & Tissues
Connective Tissue Exam
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Functions of Extracellular Matrix | Reservoir for water, ions, nutrients, hormones, cell signaling molecules; Maintain strength & rigidity of tissue; Maintain shape of tissue; Medium through which nutrients & metabolic wastes exchanged |
| Types of Fibers | Collagen, Type III-Reticular, and Type II-Elastic |
| Collagen Fibers | Synthesis of Collagen: As procollagen a secreted protein; soluble; triple helix of 3 polypeptides; After secreted converted to tropocollagen; insoluble & fibrillar; Self-assembles to form fibrils & fibers |
| Organization & Size of fibrils & fibers | Type I: Ubiquitous, Largest Fibers (found everywhere); Type II: Hyaline & Elastic Cartilage-fibrils only; Type III: Reticular (found in lymphoid organs-spleen, lymph nodes) Type IV: No fibers-meshwork in basal lamina |
| Type III Collagen: Reticular Fibers | Very thin fibers from loose networks; High affinity for silver stains; Argyrophilic; Found in lymphoid organs |
| Type II Collagen: Elastic | Found in the ear; Fiber bundles composed of ELASTIN; Cross-linked peptides provide extensibility |
| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | A carbohydrate polymer that makes up the ECM. A linear polysaccharide formed of repeating disaccharides (uronic acid & hexosamine); Covalently linked to core protein to form Proteoglycans; EXCEPTION-Hyaluronic acid not linked to protein; |
| GAGs cont'd | Are abundant in sulfate & carboxyl groups which make the molecules hydrophilic & negatively charged attracting water thus maintaining the ECM hydrated |
| Proteoglycans | A core protein w/ a glycosaminoglycans attached such as: dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate |
| Adhesive Glycoproteins | Types: FIBRONECTIN-made up of 2 peptides, binds cells to components of ECM, binding site for cells, collagen, heparan; LAMININ-Synthesized by epithelial cells, binds epithelia to components of basal lamina, binding site for collagen, heparan cells |
| Laminin | Synthesized by epithelial cells; binds epithelia to components of basal lamina; binding site for Type IV collagen, heparan cells |
| Integrins | Plasma membran proteins; Binding site for ECM components: collagen (Type I, Type II, Type IV), Fibronectin, Laminin |
| Basal Lamina | Specialized ECM attaching epithelia to CT; allows Type IV collagen fibers in matrix to attach to Laminin-adhesive molecule of matrix, attachment sites for epithelial integrins and type IV collagen |
| Mesenchyme | Precursor of the CT; mostly Mesoderm; some Ectoderm mainly in head & neck; Pluripotent cells-have capacity to develop into multi. types of cells; Lack fibers in extracellular matrix |
| Embryonic CT | MESENCHYME-embryonic precursor of CT; MUCOID-mostly extraembryonic; in umbilical cord |
| Adult CT | LOOSE-High conc. of cells w/ relatively few fibers: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular; DENSE-relatively few cells w/ abundance of fibers: Irregular, Regular, Elastic; SPECIAL-Blood, Cartilage, Bone, Hematopoietic-blood forming cells |
| Functions of CT | Structural support, Defense, Protection, Exchange medium, Energy Storage |
| Components of CT | Cells and Extracellular Matrix-fibers and ground substance |
| Cells of CT | FIXED: produced locally, remain in tissue to carry out function (Embryonic Mesenchyme, Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, Reticular Cells); FREE: produced in other locations & migrate into CT to carry out function (Macrophages, Mast Cells, Plasma Cells) |
| Fixed Cell: Embryonic Mesenchyme | Pluripotent; cytoplasmic extensions; No fibers produced; Respond to signals from surrounding matrix & cells to commit to specific fate |
| Fixed Cell: Fibroblasts | Most common CT cell type; Make type I collagen fibers and secrete ground substance; 2 Types: ACTIVE-abundant in ctyoplasm, pale nucleus; found in areas of tissue construction such as wound repair; QUIESCENT- less active; spindle shaped cell, dark nucleus |
| Fixed Cell: Adipocytes | Specialized for storage of neutral fats or produc. of heat; widespread in CT of all regions of body; signet ring appearance-thin rim of cytoplasm surrounding large lipid droplet; flat nucleus |
| Fixed Cell: Reticular Cells | In reticular CT; synthesize reticular fibers composed of type III collagen; contribure to stroma of bone marrow & lymph tissues |
| Free Cell: Macrophages | Derived from monocytes produced in bone marrow; part of mononuclear phagotcytic system: monocytes, Kupffer cells (in liver), alveolar macrophages (dust cells) Langerhans cells (antigens in skin),microglial cells,tissue macrophages; |
| Free Cell: Macrophages cont'd | Large cells w/ phagocytic and secretory functions; Functions: defense & repair, imune-antigen presenting cells |
| Free Cell: Mast Cells | derived from bone marrow stem cells; distinct cytoplasmic granules exhibit metachromasia (stain a diff color than stain put on them); granules contain mediators of inflammation: heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (vasodilator); eosinophil chemotactic fact |
| Free Cell: Mast Cells cont'd | Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphlaxis (draws eosinophils to areas of allergic rxns); Surface receptors for IgE; Release of granules promotes allergic rxn known as immed. hypersensitivity rxn (poison ivy); abund. in dermis, digestive & respir. tract |
| Free Cell: Plasma Cells | Derived from B-lymphocytes; Eccentric nucleus w/ distinct chromatin pattern; pale"halo" adjacent to nucleus; produces ANTIBODIES; found conc. in areas of chronic inflammation |
| Types of LOOSE CT | Embryonic-mesenchyme & mucoid; Adult- Areolar & Reticular |
| Embryonic Loose CT | Mesenchyme: undifferentiated precursors, pluripotent cells, and extracellular matrix lacks fibers; Mucoid-mostly extraembyronic; found in umbilical cord-called Wharton's Jelly; extracellular matrix rich in hyaluronic acid; fibroblasts and type I collagen |
| Areolar Loose CT | Most abundant in body; Highly vascularized; packing tissue; can see any CT cell type-most abund. asre fibroblasts & macropphages; Flexible, not stress resistant; Freq. found underneath epithelial tissue |
| Reticular Loose CT | Mesh framework of bone marrow & lymph organ; Reticular cells make reticular fibers (type III collagen); Creates trabecular network of cell-sheathed fibers; Abundant macrophages |
| Adipose Loose CT | Large aggregates of adipocytes; 15-20% body weight of males; 20-25% of females; Functions: Energry storage; Shock abs. in hands & feet; Thermal insulation; Packing tissue holds organs in place; |
| Types of Adipose Loose CT | Unilocular: Cells contain single large lipid droplet; most adipose tissue in adult (white fat); Multilocular: Cells contain numerous lipid droplets; present in newborns; produces heat (brown fat) |
| Types of DENSE CT | Dense Irregular, Dense Regular, & Elastic |
| Dense Irregular CT | Fibroblasts & Type I collagen; Bundles of Collagen fibers arranged irregularly; Less flexible than loose CT but more stress resistant; found in dermis of skin, organ capsules, periosteum, perichondrium |
| Dense Regular CT | Fibroblasts & Type I Collagen; bundles of collagen fibers arranged in PARALLEL fashion; high tensile strength in one direction; found in tendons & ligaments |
| Dense Elastic CT | Paralle bundles of elastic fibers (not collagen but of Elastin); some type I collagen Fibers & fibroblasts; found in ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum, suspensory ligament of the penis, vocal ligament, walls of elastic arteries |
| CARTILAGE-Distinction from other CTs | Cartilage: Lacks nerve endings; Lacks vasculature (no blood supply); Lack lymphatics |
| Types of CARTILAGE | Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Most abundant type; Found in articular surfaces of synovial joints, fetal skeleton, respiratory ducts, costal cartilage, epiphyseal plate of growing long bones |
| Characteristics of Hyaline Cartilage | Perichondrium: Dense irregular CT surrounding cartilage; Fibrous outer layer of fibroblasts and type I collagen; Inner layer (Chondrogenic Zone) in actively growing cartilage; chondroblasts |
| Cells of Cartilage | CHONDROBLASTS: On periphery of cartilage in chondrogenic zone; Secret Matrix; Reside in lacunae; Mature to become chondrocytes; CHONDROCYTES: Reside in lacunae; Secrete matrix; Maintain matrix of mature cartilage |
| Matrix of CARTILAGE | High water content resists compression & allows cartilage to act as shock abs.; encloses cells in spaces called lacunae; Fibers Type II collagen & elastin; Ground Substance-Proteoglycans (chondroitin & keratin sulfate) assoc. w/ hyaluronic acid |
| Matrix of CARTILAGE cont'd | Territorial Matrix: IMMEDIATELY surrounding chondrocytes; Rich in glycosaminoglycans & poor in Collagen; Stains basophilic; INTERTERRITORIAL matrix: AWAY from Chondrocytes; Rich in Collagen; Stains less basophilic |
| Nutrition of HYALINE Cartilage | Diffusion from perichondrium; Limits thickness of cartilage; ARTICULAR cartilage lacks perichondrium-nutrition by synovial fluid (turned over frequently) & requires mvmt. of joint to replenish synovial fluid |
| ELASTIC Cartilage | Similar to hyaline cartilage; Contains ELASTIC fibers & Type II Collagen; More flexible than hyaline cartilage; Found in: External Ear, Eustachian tube, & Epiglottis |
| FIBROCARTILAGE | Characteristics similar to Dense Regular CT & cartilage; Cells in Lacunae aligned in rows; Type I Collagen Fibers; NO perichondrium; Found in IVD, Symphysis Pubis, TMJ, Menisci of knee, labrum of glenohumeral & coxofemoral joints |
| GROWTH of Cartilage | INTERSTITIAL: (seen in middle) Chondrocytes w/in matrix divide; Isogenous groups; Only during early growth of most cartilage; Imp. in Epiphyseal plates & in articular cartilage; APPOSITIONAL: (along edges) |
| GROWTH of Cartilage cont'd | From different. of chondroblasts in Chondrogenic Zone of perichondrium; Only poss. in cartilage w/ Perichondrium (Hyaline & Elastic) |
| BONE | Specialized CT; Solid mineralized matrix-cells in lacunae; Vascularized-has a blood supply |
| Functions of Bone | Support; Protect organs; Levers for mvmt. by muscles; Storage site for Ca (muscle contraction) and Phosphate (generate energy) |
| Classification of Bones | By SHAPE: Long bones-diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (rounded end), Marrow Cavity; Short bones; Flat bones; Irregular bones; SPECIAL Bones: Wormian, Sesamoid; By HISTOLOGICAL Organiz: Spongy bone (cancellous, trabecular); Compact |
| Tissue Prep. for Histological Study | Decalcified Bone-Preserves cells; Ground Bone-Preserves architecture, loses cells |
| Composition of Bone | PERIOSTEUM: Outer surface of bone; Outer fibrous layer-fibroblasts & type I collagen; Inner cellular layer: Osteoprogenitor cells; Sharpey's fibers (holds periosteum to bone); ENDOSTEUM: Inner surfaces; Thinner than periosteum; Osteoprogen. cells & Ret CT |
| Types of Bone Cells | OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS: Derived from mesenchyme; Gives rise to Osteoblasts; Found in inner layer of periosteum, endosteum, lining of Haversian Canals |
| Types of Bone Cells | OSTEOBLASTS: Secrete matrix of bone (type I collagen & ground substance), found on surface of growing bone; gives rise to Osteocytes; |
| Types of Bone Cells | OSTEOCYTES: surrounded by mineralized matrix, maintains contact w/ other cells via cellular processes occupying canliculi in matrix; Maintains matrix of bone; |
| Types of Bone Cells | OSTEOCLASTS: sit on surfaces; part of mononuclear phagocytic system derived from bone marrow; Giant multinucleated cells; Functions to RESORB bone; Seals off portion of bone surface & releases lytic enzymes; |
| Hormonal regulation of Osteoclasts | Parathryoid Hormone: Stimulates bone resorption & incr. blood calcium (released if Ca levels drop); Calcitonin: From thyroid; Inhibits activity & decr. blood Ca (released if too much Ca in body) |
| Matrix of Bone-2 Parts | ORGANIC: 50% of matrix; Type I collagen; Proteoglycans & Glycoproteins; INORGANIC: 50% of matrix; Mainly Ca & Phosphate; Mostly hydroxyapetite crystals; ~10% Ca carbonate; small amt. of magnesium fluoride |
| COMPACT Bone | Outer circumferential lamellae-under periosteum; Inner circumferential lamellae-around marrow cavity; Osteons (haversian system)-Central Canal; blood vessel & osteoblasts; Concentric Lamellae-layers of bone deposit. by singl layer of osteoblasts |
| COMPACT Bone cont'd | Interstitial Lamellae-Remnants of previous osteons remaining after remodeling; Volkmann's Canals: Nutrients enter thru to supply branches of bone; found on periphery of all bone |
| SPONGY Bone | Found in epihysis & adj. to marrow cavity; Spicules & Trabeculae; Covered with Endosteum |
| Types of Bone Formation | INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION: Flat bones of head, face, & clavicles; Forms directly from mesenchyme; 1˚ Ossification Center: Osteoblast from mesenchyme secrete matrix, matrix calcified, forms spicules=fuse & form trabeculae |
| Types of Bone Formation cont'd | ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION: Forms most bones of the body; Replacement of cartilage model; Steps: Formation of periosteal bone collar w/in perichondrium of diaphysis; Hypertrophy & calcification of underlying chondrocytes; death of chondrocyte; b.v. enter |
| Types of Bone Formation cont'd | bony collar carrying osteoprog. cells; osteoblasts differentiate & deposit matrix; growth is bidirectional toward each epiphysis |
| Zones of Bone Formation in Epiphyseal Cartilage | Zone of Reserve; Zone of Proliferation; Zone of Calcification & cell death; Zone of Ossification & Resorption |
| WOVEN Bone | 1st Bone formed by either Intramembranous or Endochondral; Can be remodeled into EITHER SPONGY or COMPACT bone; Lower mineral content & higher conc. of osteocytes; Irregular orientation of collagen fibers |
| Blood | Special CT; Has a fluid (liquid) matrix; Fibers soluble/insoluble |
| Functions of Blood | Nutrient Trans; Waste Trans, Distribute Hormones; Reg. of body temp. Maintain acid-base bal. Maintain osmotic pressure; Defense (WBC); Gas Transport |
| Composition of Blood | Fluid-plasma; Formed Elements: Erythrocytes-RBCs 40%, transp. O2; Leukocytes-WBCs 1%, immune func.; Platelets-imp. in clotting |
| Plasma | Made up of: PLASMA PROTEINS (albumin, α-,β-,ϒ-globulins, fibrinogen); ORGANIC Compounds (amino acids, glucose, vitamins, hormones); INORGANIC SALTS (electrolytes) |
| Serum | The fluid remaining afer clot forms; Doesn't has proteins or formed elements; Has h20 & electrolytes; |
| Erythrocytes-RBCs | Has no nuclues biconcave disk; Membrane stabilized by Spectin & Actin-help maintain shape & allows for flex.; Specialized for O2 transport by Hemoglobin |
| O2 Transport | Protein Hemoglobin trans. O2; Oxyhemoglobin: Bound to O2, binding is reversible; Carbamohemoglobin: Bound to carbon dioxide; Binding is reversible; Carboxyhemoglobin: Bound to Carbon Monoxide; Binding Irreversible |
| RBC Abnormalities | HEMOGLOBIN: Hypochromic anemia-low amt. of hemoglobin/cell; Sickle Cell-Abnormal hemoglobin (reduces capacity of O2 to be carried & incr. strokes);NUMBERS: Anemia-low Red cell count; Polycythemia-High red cell count;SIZE: micro, macrocytosis; SHAPE poikil |
| Leukocytes-WBCs | Involved in body defense; Frequently exit blood & enter tissue (diapedesis); 2 Types of WBCs: Granulocytes & Agranulocytes |
| WBCs-Granulocytes | NEUTROPHILS: 60-70% of WBCs (majority); Nucleus has 2-5 lobes; Defend against BACTERIA; EOSINOPHILS: stain red; 2-4% of WBCs; bilobed nucleus; Red granules contain protein imp. in defense of infection by PARASITIC WORMS; numbers incr. in parasitic infect. |
| WBCs-Granulocytes | BASOPHILS: .5-1% of WBCs; Granules contain Heparin & Histamine; Active in INFLAMMATORY response & HYPERSENSITIVITY rxns (poison ivy) |
| WBCs-Agranuloctyes | Rounded or indented nucleus; No granules; LYMPHOCYTES: |
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terryg025
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