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APUSH EA Hilsabek
Study USH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | mid-20th century, year-long boycott in Montgomery, Alabama that Rosa Parks started by refusing to give up a seat in the "whites only" section. It served notice throughout the South that blacks would no longer submit meekly to segregation |
| Jackie Robinson | mid-20th century, U.S. baseball player who cracked the racial barrier in big-league baseball when the Brooklyn Dodgers signed him |
| Anne Hutchinson | early 17th century-claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man--antinomianism. brought to trial and was banished for heresy |
| Boston Massacre | late 18th century, further inflamed colonials against British, British troops acting apparently without orders but under extreme provocation, opened fire and killed or wounded eleven "innocent" citizens |
| King Philip's War | late 17th century, King Philip forged a pan-Indian alliance and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout New England, slowed westward march of English settlement in New England for several decades |
| Horatio Alger | mid-to-late 19th century, a Puritan-reared New Englander who wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction, stock formula was that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor, a kind of survival for the purest |
| Turner Thesis | late 19th century, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was the key factor in the development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier served as a "safety valve" during periods fo economic crisis |
| Marbury v. Madison | early 19th century, precedent-setting Supreme Court case in which Marshall dismissed a Federalist judge's suit but also declared art of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional; established principle of judicial review |
| Minute Men | late 18th century, rapidly mobilized colonial militiamen whose refusal to disperse sparked the first battle of the revolution |
| Theodore Roosevelt | late 19th to early 20th centurydiplomat, oralizer, wielder of the big stick, iperialist advocate, aggressive assistant navy secretary, Rough Rider, energetic progressive and vigorous nationalist who waged a third-party campaign once |
| Great Society | late 20th century, LBJ's broad program of welfare legislation and social reform that swept through Congress and included Medicare, civil rights legislation, and the War on Poverty; funding for the programs suffered because of the costs of the Vietnam War |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | late 19th to mid-20th century, leader of the Filipino insurgents who aided Americans in defeating Spain and taking Manila and Filipino leader of a guerilla war against American rule |
| Pearl Harbor | late 19th and mid-20th century, valuable naval base acquired by the United States from the Hawaiian government that was destroyed in a surprise attack |
| John F. Kennedy | youthful politician who combined TV appeal w/ traditional big-city Democratic politics to squeak out a victory and charismatic president whose brief administration experienced domestic stalemate and foreign confrontations with communism |
| Ku Klux Klan | late 19th century and early 20th century, secret organization that intimidated blacks and worked to restore white supremacy, hooded defenders of Anglo-Sacon and "Protestant" values against immigrants, Catholics, and Jews |
| Know-Nothings | mid 19th century, Anti-immigrant party headed by former President Fillmore that competed with Republicans and Democrats in the election of 1856 |
| Zoot-Suit Riots | early 20th century, riots that occurred in LA, California, during WWII between American sailors and soldiers, and young Mexicans. |
| Japanese Internment | early 20th century, a forced removal of the Japanese Americans during WWII by the government. The majority was placed in hastily-built concentration camps. example of how rights of American citizens can be threatened |
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki | early 20th century, two Japanese cities on which the first two atomic bombs were dropped by America. first time in history of mankind that atomic bombs were used in war. result was devastating, many anti-atomic bomb movements were started |
| Yalta Conference | early 20th century, a major conference where the Big Three (Britain, USA, Soviet) discussed about the world after WWII. agreed upon the unconditional surrender of Germany, which would be split into four sectors before its reunification |
| Muckrakers | late 19th to early 20th century, a group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics |
| Harlem Renaissance | early 20th century, refers to flowering of African-American literature, art, and drama. |
| National Origins Act of 1924 | early 20th century, U.S. federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of number of people from that country in U.S. in 1890, excluded immigration of Asians and placed no restrictions on Latin Americans |
| John Steinbeck | early to mid 20th century, was one of the best-known and most widely read American writers, a winner of the Nobel Prize for literature, wrote Of Mice and Men & Pulitzer-prize winning Grapes of Wrath, both of which examine the lives of the working class |
| Bonus March | early 20th century, an assemblage of about 31,000 WWI veterans, their families, & other affiliated groups who demonstrated in Washington, D.C. seeking immediate payment of a "bonus" granted by the Adjusted Service Certificate law, led by Walter W. Waters |
| Election of 1932 | early 20th century, took place as effects of Stock Market crash and Great Depression were being felt intensely across country, Hoover's popularity failing, FDR used to his advantage and promoted New Deal policy, won by landslide |
| Fireside Chats | early 20th century, a series of 30 evening radio talks given by FDR, who urged listeners to have faith in banks & support his New Deal measures. These were considered enormously successful & attracted more listeners than the most popular radio shows |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | early 20th century, Italian-American anarchists whose trial and execution aroused widespread protest |
| The Red Scare | early 20th century, a movement spawned by fear of Bolshevik revolution, that resulted in the arrest and deportation of many political radicals |
| Henry Ford | late 19th to mid-20th century, Mechanical genius and organizer of the mass-produced automobile industry |
| Harvard University | early 17th century, the oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry |
| Quebec Act | late 18th century, actually a sensible piece of colonial legislation, gave French Canadians religious freedom and restored French form of civil law. linked by colonists to Intolerable Acts and seen as a sign of Britihs repression |
| Loyalists/Tories | late 18th century, those who, despite their American birth, fought for King George and earned the contempt of Patriots |
| Lewis and Clark | early 19th century, explorers who crossed the Louisiana Purchase territory and went on to Oregon and the Pacific coast |
| Compromise of 1877 | late 19th century, Hayes got the presidency for U.S. troops to be withdrawn from the South |
| Watergate | late 20th century, a series of scandals occurring during the Nixon administration in which members of the executive branch organized illegal political espionage against perceived opponents & were charged with many violations |
| Arab Oil Embargo | late 20th century, Arab-sponsored restriction on energy exports after the 1973 Arab-Israeli War |
| GI Bill of Rights | mid-20th century, Popular name for the Srvicemen's Readjustment Act, which proved assistance to former soldiers |
| Marshall Plan | mid-20th century, American-sponsored effort to provide funds for the economic relief and recovery in Europe |
| NATO | mid-20th century, the new anti-Soviet organization of Western nations, which ended the long-time American tradition of not joining permanent military alliances |
| Nat Turner | early 19th century, visionary black preacher whose bloody slave rebellion tightened the reins of slavery in the South |
| Truman Doctrine | mid-20th century, In response to the Greek Civil War in 1947, the U.S. provided economic & military aid to both Greece & Turkey. The U.S. would suport "free peoples" against armed minorities or outside pressure |
| Las Gorras Blancas | a group active in American Southwest, believed in Mexican reclamation of land taken by Anglo farmers & used intimidation & raids to accomplish their goals |
| The Gospel of Wealth | late 19th century, essay written by Andrew Carnegie that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | late 19th century, an act forbidding the immigration of Chinese laborers into the U.S. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | late 19th century, established doctrine of "separate but equal" & upheld a Louisiana law mandating racially segregated but equal railroad carriages |
| Great Migration | early to mid-20th century, African-Americans began to move to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | late 19th century, federal law intended to control or prohibit monopolies by forbidding certain practices that restrain competition. later, Supreme Court ruled that it only applied to unreasonable restraints of trade |
| Benjamin Franklin | 18th century, diplomat, scientist, writer, printer, & political philosopher, invented bifocals, lightning rods, & Franklin stove. served in Second Continental Congress, & drafter/signer of Declaration, important in American Revolution |
| Election of 1800 | TJ won by majority of 73 electoral votes to 65, election fell onto TJ because Burr turned NY to TJ by narrowest of margins, Republic passed major test when power peacefully transferred from conservative federalists to more liberal TJ |
| Charles Darwin | 19th century, an English naturalist whose theory for the foundation of humankind laid the path for evolution, proposed natural selection |
| Marcus Garvey | late 19th to mid-20th century, black-rights activist in the U.S.; advocated emigration of black Americans to Africa |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | early 20th century, insured individual deposits up to $5,000 (later raised) and ended the disgraceful epidemic of bank failures |
| Second New Deal | early 20th century, focused more on less fortunate and did not count as much on the support of business; included Works Progress Administration and Social Security Act |
| Trench warfare | mid-20th century, method of warfare used in WWI in whcih lines of opposing soldiers fired at each other from ditches |
| Federal Reserve Act | early 20th century, act of Congress that created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the U.S. |
| Camp David Accords | late 20th century, peace agreements between Israel & Egypt, negotiated by President Jimmy Carter |
| Iran-Contra Scandal | late 20th century, U.S. government secretly sold weapons to Iran, using the profits to fund the contras in Iran |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | early 20th century, prevented adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals |
| Boss Tweed | late 19th century, American politician and head of Tammany Hall who was eventually imprisoned for stealing millions of dollars from the city through graft |
| Palmer Raids | early 20th century, series of controversial raids by U.S. Justice & Immigration departments on the radical left in the U.S. |
| Berlin Airlift | mid-20th century, a military operation that brought food & other needed goods into West Berlin by air after government of East Germany had cut off its supply routes |
| Immigration Restriction League | late 19th to early 20th century, founded by a group of Bostonians who sought to make literacy a requirement for admission into the U.S. |
| John Muir | mid-19th to early 20th century, U.S. naturalist who promoted creation of national parks and reservations |
| Panama Canal | early 20th century, a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama built by the U.S. |
| NYC Draft Riots | late 19th century, a series of violent disturbances in NYC that were the high point of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing Civil War |
| English Reformation | started in early 16th century, series of events by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman-Catholic Church |
| The Federalist Papers | late 18th century, a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay to persuade the voters of New York to adopt the Constitution |
| Nullification crisis | early 19th century, a sectional crisis during the Presidency of Andrew Jackson around the question of whether a state can refuse to recognize or enforce a federal law passed by the U.S. Congress. It provoked a debate over state's rights |
| "King Cotton" | mid-19th century, a phrase used mainly by Southern politicians & authors who wanted to illustrate the importance of the crop to the Southern economy |
| Gold Rush | mid-19th century, influx of merchants, adventurers, & others to newly discovered gold fields. one of most famous in CA, brought more than 40,000 prospectors to CA w/i 2 years. Although few struck rich, presence was important stimulus to economic growth |
| Horizontal integration | late 19th century, absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production & sharing resources at that level |
| Vertical integration | late 19th century, absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution |
| NSC-68 | mid-20th century, a 58 page classified report issued during the presidency of Truman, outlined actual national secuirty strategy of U.S. has become one of the classic historical documents of Cold War, shape government actions in Cold War for next 20 years |
| SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) | late 20th century, a U.S. civil-rights organization formed by students & active especially during the 1960s, whose aim was to achieve political & economic equality for blacks through local & regional action groups |
| Freedom Riders | late 20th century, a group of northern idealists active in the civi rights movement, included both blacks & whites who rode buses into the South to challenge racial segregation |
| Malcolm X | mid-to-late 20th century, American activist, member of the Black Muslims, he advocated separatism & Black pride. After converting to orthodox Islam, he founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity & was assassinated in Harlem |
| Watts | late 20th century, a district of Los Angeles, CA that was the scene of severe racial tensions & violence |
| NOW (National Organization for Women) | late 20th century, a major feminist organization, founded when the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission failed to enforce a clause prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender, worked to promote occupational opportunites |
| Roe v. Wade | late 20th century, legalized abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy, based on residential right of privacy, struck down dozens of antiabortion statutes, also gave states the right to intervene in 2nd & 3rd trimester to protect woman and child |
| Rachel Carson | late 20th century, American marine biologist & writer whose best known book, Silent Spring, was an influential study of the dangerous effects of synthetic pesticides on food chains. Public reaction resulted in stricter controls on pesticide use |
| My Lai Massacre | late 20th century, a mass killing of helpless inhabitants in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, carried out by U.S. troops, became a symbol for those who opposed the war |
| Reaganomics | late 20th century, a popular term used to refer to the economic policies of Ronald Reagan, which called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, & the deregulation of domestic markets |
| Gorbachev | late 20th century, Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War & whose domestic policy introduced major reforms |
| Tiananmen Square | late 20th century, location in Beijing of prodemocracy demonstrations that were brutally suppressed by troops loyal to the communist regime of the People's Republic of China |
| Powhatan Indians | early 17th century, what the English colonists called all te local Indians. in reality, a few dozen small tribes |
| NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement | late 20th century, created a free-trade zone encompassing Canada, the U.S., & Mexico |
| Oklahoma City bombing | late 20th century, a terrorist attack aimed at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, a U.S. gov't complex. claimed 168 lives & left over 800 injured, led to U.S. gov't passing legislation designed to increase protection around federal buildings |
| Axis of Evil | early 21st century, used by Pres. George W. Bush in his State of the Union Address to describe governments that he accused of sponsoring terrorism & seeking weapons of mass destruction. North Korea, Iran, & Iraq were named |
| Bill Clinton | late 20th century, first Dem. President since FDR to be elected to a 2nd term, presidency was marked by economic expansion & the 1st balanced federal budget in 30 years, impeached by House of Rep. on perjury & obstruction of justice but acquitted by Sen. |
| Bush v. Gore | early 21st century, a U.S. Supreme Court case where the Court held that a ballot recount being conducted in certain counties in FL was to be stopped due to Equal Protection issues arising from a lack of a consistent standard across counties |
| Abu Ghraib prison scandal | Wearly 21st century, U.S. military tortured Iraqi detainees |
| SALT I | late 20th century, limited anti-ballistic missile systems |
| Sandinistas | late 20th century, members of a left-wing Nicaraguan political party |
| "Star Wars" | late 20th century, term for Strategic Defense Initiative, purpose to develop a defensive "umbrella" over USA from incoming missiles |
| Soviet invasion of Afghanistan | late 20th century, Soviets invade & install Babrak Kamal as a puppet Pres. The West, China, & India were alarmed and many boycotted '80 Olympics because of if |
| The Lost Generation | early 20th century, term coined by Gertrude Stein which became symbolic of the lost energy & idealism & sense of betrayal felt by those who experienced the destructiveness of WWI (Hemingway, Fitzgerald) |
| Korean War | late 20th century, war between the North (Communist) & South (Democratic). North attacked South so UN rushed to aid, in the end, the nations ended up remaining separated at the 38th parallel |
| 1963 March on Washington | a large political rally that MLK, Jr. delivered his "I Have A Dream" speech at. ~250,000 people took part in it, 1 of officially stated purposes was to support civil rights bill introduced by JFK administration |
| March to the Sea | late 19th century, began with Sherman's troops leaving captured city of Atlanta, GA & ended with caputre of port of Savannah, objective to end Civil War by breaking Confederacy's strategic, economic, & psychological capacity for warfare |
| First Persian Gulf War | late 20th century, began when Iraq invaded Iran following long history of border disputes & demands for overthrow of Hussein's regime. Iraqis attacked w/o formal warning but failed to make progress & soon repelled by Iranians. |
| Barbary Coast piracy | early 19th century, pirate ships & crews from North African states of Tripoli, Tunis, Morocco, & Algiers captured merchant ships & held their crews for ransom |
| WJ Bryan | late 19th-early 20th century, eloquent, free-silver spokesman who waged a dramatic but unsuccessful campaign for Pres. on issue of American imperialism in Philippines, & led fight against evolution at Scopes trial |
| Utopian Societies | early 19th century, communities where all aspects of people's lives could be governed by their faith. best known are the Shakers |
| Settlement House Movement | late 19th-early 20th century, became centers of women's activism & of social reform, vividly demonstrated truth that city waas frontier of opportunity for women |
| Election of 1912 | fought among 3 major candidates, 2 of whom had previously held office; Taft-Republican, TR-Bull Moose Party, Woodrow Wilson-Democrat, Wilson won, last election in which a 3rd party candidate came in 2nd in the Electoral College |
| Muhammad Ali | late 20th century, American heavyweight champion who converted to Islam, when drafted for Vietnam War, would not go because he was a "conscientious objector" |
| Enron Scandal | early 21st century, an energy company was thought to be doing so well, when they admitted to accounting fraud, considered a safe stock--shares went from $90 to 30 cents/stock, has become a popular symbol of willful corporate fraud & corruption |
| Great Britain imposed strict control over | trade |
| Great Britain taxed the colonies after the | French and Indian War |
| The colonies traded raw materials for | goods made in Great Britain |
| Colonists had to obey ______, which were enforced by governors. | British laws |
| Colonial governors were appointed by the | king |
| A colonial legislature made ____ for each colony but was monitored by the colonial governor. | laws |
| Great Britain desired to remain a | world power |
| Great Britain imposed taxes, such as the Stamp Act, to raise necessary revenue to pay | the French and Indian War |
| The colonists were taxed to help finance the maintenance of the cost of | British troops in the colonies |
| The colonies had no representation in | Parliament |
| Some colonists resented the power of the colonial | governors |
| Great Britain wanted strict control over | colonial legislatures |
| The colonies opposed the | British taxes |
| The Proclamation of l763, which followed the French and Indian War, restricted the | western movement of settlers |
| People have “certain unalienable rights” (rights that cannot be taken away)— | to life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness |
| People establish government to | protect those rights |
| Government derives power | from the people |
| People have a right and a duty to change a government that | violates their rights |
| King George III | British king during the Revolutionary era |
| Lord Cornwallis | British general who surrendered at Yorktown |
| John Adams | Championed the cause of independence |
| George Washington | Commander of the Continental Army |
| Thomas Jefferson | Major author of the Declaration of Independence |
| Patrick Henry | Outspoken member of the House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with his “Give me liberty or give me death” speech |
| Benjamin Franklin | Prominent member of the Continental Congress; helped frame the Declaration of Independence; helped gain French support for American independence |
| Phillis Wheatley | Enslaved African American who wrote poems and plays supporting American independence and who eventually gained her freedom |
| Paul Revere | Patriot who made a daring ride to warn colonists of British arrival |
| Boston Massacre | Colonists in Boston were shot after taunting British soldiers |
| Boston Tea Party | Samuel Adams and Paul Revere led patriots in throwing tea into Boston Harbor to protest tea taxes |
| First Continental Congress | Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Great Britain and to promote independence |
| Battles at Lexington and Concord | The first armed conflicts of the Revolutionary War |
| Approval of the Declaration of Independence | The colonies declared independence from Great Britain (July 4, 1776) |
| Battle of Saratoga | This American victory was the turning point in the war |
| Surrender at Yorktown | This was the colonial victory over forces of Lord Cornwallis that marked the end of the Revolutionary War |
| Signing of the Treaty of Paris | Great Britain recognized American independence in this treaty |
| Colonial advantages | Some colonists’ defense of their own land, principles, and beliefs |
| Additional support from these two countries. | France & Spain |
| This came from Jefferson, Washington & Franklin | Strong leadership |
| The American version of Parlaiment. | congress |
| "No Taxation without Representation" | Don't tax us if you're not going to let us help make laws |
| Where the laws of the colonies were made. | Colonial Legislatures |
| Rights that can NOT be taken away. | Unalienable Rights |
| "Give me Liberty or Give Me Death!" | I would rather fight than live under the unfair practices of King George III. |
| Life Liberty and Property | Natural Rights |
| Creator of the Natural Rights | John Locke |
| Who fought in the French and Indian War? | The British versus the French and their Indian allies. The Spanish also joined in fighting the British. |
| What was the cause of the French and Indian War? | The colonists wanted to expand over the Appalachian Mountains and the French were already there. |
| Who won the French and Indian War? | The British |
| What did Britain get for winning the French and Indian War? | Florida from Spain. Canada from the French and the land west of the Appalachians. (Basically North America) |
| What was a major effect on England from the French and Indian War? | High war debt for Britain. |
| What did Britain do to pay off its war debt. | Charged the colonists more taxes. |
| What is the Proclamation of 1763? | It made it so colonists couldn't settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. |
| How did the colonists react to the Proclamation of 1763? | They felt like England was just trying control them by not letting them settle further west. |
| What were the Intolerable Acts in response to? | The Boston Tea Party where Bostonians destroyed tea that had come from England. |
| What were the 4 laws of the Intolerable Acts? | 1) Closed Boston Ports 2) Limited Boston's Government 3) British official accused of a crime had to be tried in England 4) Colonists had to house and feed soldiers |
| Describe the Declaration of Independence. | A document that announced the separation from England and explained why. |
| What are the 3 parts of the Declaration of Independence? | 1) Preamble - How the colonists felt about Democracy 2) Body - Listed 27 grievances 3) Conclusion - Declared the colonies independent |
| What were the signers of the Declaration of Independence willing to give up by signing this treasonous document. | Their lives and fortunes. |
| What was a loyalist. | A colonist that remained loyal to the British monarchy. They didn't want independence from Britain. (Loyal to the Royal) |
| What was a patriot. | A colonist that wanted to be independent of Britain. |
| Who was Elijah Clarke? | A Georgian Colonel. Leader of the militia at the Battle of Kettle Creek. |
| Who was Austin Dabney? | A slave who was injured at the Battle of Kettle Creek. |
| Who was Nancy Hart? | A Georgian woman that spied for the patriots and captured 6 loyalist soldiers in her home. |
| Who signed the Declaration of Independence? | Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton. |
| Who won the Battle of Kettle Creek? | The Georgia militia (Americans). |
| Why was the Battle of Kettle Creek important to Georgia? | The militia got needed weapons and horses. Raised morale. |
| Who occupied the city during the Siege of Savannah? | The British |
| Who was allied against the British during the Siege of Savannah? | The French |
| What did the French do during the Siege of Savannah? | Bombarded the city with cannon shot. It was not effective. |
| Who won the Siege of Savannah? | The British. They held Savannah until the end of the American Revolution. |
| What is the Stamp Act? | A Stamp must be placed on all official documents. It was a tax on colonists. |
| Why were colonists so upset about the Stamp Act? | It was "taxation without representation" |
| What were the effects of the Stamp Act? | Colonists protested and boycotted the stamps. Georgia colonists bought some but stopped. It was repealed after 1 year. |
| Leader of the Sons of Liberty | Sam Adams |
| American who tried to sell West Point to the British | Benedict Arnold |
| British General, "Gentleman Johnny," defeated in Battle of Saratoga | John Burgoyne |
| First to sign the Declaration of Independence | John Hancock |
| Patriot-"Give me Liberty or give me death" | Patrick Henry |
| German mercenaries-helped British | Hessians |
| Author of the Declaration of Independence and a president of the U.S. | Thomas Jefferson |
| American Naval leader-"I have not yet begun to fight" | John Paul Jones |
| A Frenchman who assisted Americans during the war | Marquis de Lafayette |
| People who supported England during the Revolution | Loyalists (Tories) |
| Hired soldiers | Mercenaries |
| Men who would be ready to defend America at a minute's notice | Minutemen |
| Wrote, "Common Sense" urging patriots to Separate from England | Thomas Paine |
| People who wanted the colonies to be free | Patriots |
| Name for people who rebelled against English rule | Rebels |
| Another name for British soldiers | Redcoats |
| Made the famous ride that warned the Minutemen that "British are coming" | Paul Revere |
| Trained Washington's troops at Valley Forge | Baron von Steuben |
| General of the Continental Army and the first president of the U.S. | George Washington |
| To refuse to buy products | Boycott |
| A government organized boycott of goods | Embargo |
| Men willing to serve in the army for a short time-not a career soldier | Militia |
| Love and loyalty for one's country | Patriotism |
| To sneak goods in or out of a country | Smuggling |
| Tax on imported goods | Tariff |
| Committing a crime against his country (Ex. Benedict Arnold) | Treason |
| Colonists had to "quarter" British troops-provide a place to live and supplies | Quartering Act |
| A tax-colonists had to buy stamps to put on items | Stamp Act |
| A tax on tea-resulted in the Boston Tea Party | Tea Act |
| War fought for independence from Britain | American Revolution |
| Causes of the American Revolution | "No taxation without representation"-England needed to pay the cost(debt)of the Seven Years War(French and Indian War) |
| Result of the American Revolution | The colonies because independent-formed United States of America |
| Clash between British troops and Boston colonists-5 colonists killed | Boston Massacre |
| Patriots protested the Tea Act-threw tea shipment into Boston Harbor | Boston Tea Party |
| British tried to capture Adams and Hancock and gunpowder | Battles at Lexington and Concord |
| Alerted the Minutemen at Lexington and Concord | Paul Revere |
| Turning Point of the Revolution-France joins the Americans | Battle of Saratoga |
| Baron von Steuben trains Washington's troops in European warfare | Valley Forge |
| Benedict Arnold attempted to sell the plans for the fort on the Hudson River who ever controlled the Hudson River would probably win the war | West Point |
| Last battle of the Revolution-Cornwallis surrenders | Battle of Yorktown |
| Written document declaring the United States was free and independent from Britain-lists the reasons for independence | Declaration of Independence |
| "Give me liberty or give me death" | Patrick Henry |
| "No taxation without representation" | James Otis |
| An organized means of keeping New England colonies informed by means of letters-later spread to all colonies | Committee of Correspondence |
| Army of the Colonies (United States) | Continental Army |
| A secret group organized in Boston to protest acts-Sam Adams | Sons of Liberty |
| The western boundary of the U.S. as a result of the Treaty of 1782 (George Rogers Clark) | The Mississippi River |
| Name of the Lewis and Clark expedition into the Louisiana Territory | Corps of Discovery |
| Name given to men who wrote the U.S. Constitution | Founding Fathers |
| Hero of the Battle of New Orleans | Andrew Jackson |
| Author of the Star-Spangled Banner | Francis Scott Key |
| Explorers into the Louisiana Territory | Lewis and Clark |
| Hero in the Battle of Lake Erie-War of 1812-"We have met the enemy and they are ours" | Oliver Hazard Perry |
| Native American guide for Lewis and Clark during the exploration | Sacajawea |
| President who purchased the Louisiana Territory | Thomas Jefferson |
| The Louisiana Territory was purchased from | Napoleon (France) |
| Explored the Louisiana Territory | Lewis and Clark |
| Dates of Lewis and Clark's exploration | 1803-1806 |
| An all water route from Europe to Asia | Northwest Passage |
| Area of the U.S. north and west of the Ohio River after the Revolution | Northwest Territory |
| Forbidden the Northwest Territory | Slavery |
| Slave that was with Lewis and Clark during the exploration | York |
| Executive Branch | Carries out the Law |
| Judicial Branch | Interprets the Law |
| Legislative Branch | Makes the Law |
| Articles of Confederation | First attempt to set up the nation. |
| Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation | Couldn’t tax and set up a weak Govt. |
| Constitutional Convention | In Philadelphia, PA, Washington was elected President and 9 of the 13 states ratified the Constitution. |
| Bill of Rights | First 10 Amendments written by James Madison. |
| Bill of Rights does for you | Giving a written guarantee of your rights and freedoms. |
| Checks and Balances | Separation of powers keeps one branch from having too much power. |
| Federal system of Govt. | Set up a Shared power between state & national govt. |
| Constitutional ConventionGoal | led to the effort to draft a new constitution. |
| The Great Compromise | decided how many votes each state would have in the Senate and the House of Representatives |
| Virginians | All of the first five presidents were ________ except John Adams. |
| Benjamin Banneker | African American astronomer and surveyor, helped complete the design for the city. |
| The War of l812 | caused European nations to gain respect for the United States. |
| John Adams | A two-party system emerged during his |
| Thomas Jefferson | He bought Louisiana from France (Louisiana Purchase). |
| Lewis and Clark | They explored new land west of the Mississippi River. |
| Monroe Doctrine | A warning European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. |
| James Madison | President during the War of 1812. |
| Thomas Jefferson | He bought Louisiana from France (Louisiana Purchase). |
| James Monroe | President who warned Europe not to interfere with the United States or Western Hemisphere. |
| Lewis and Clark | They explored new land west of the Mississippi River. |
| Why draft a new Constitution | Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation |
| Monroe Doctrine | A warning European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Philadelphia, PA | The location of the first capital of the United States |
| James Madison | President during the War of 1812. |
| James Monroe | President who demanded that Europe stay out of the US and Western Hemisphere's affairs...Leave us alone! |
| George Washington | Federal court system was established and The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution during his presidency. |
| Why draft a new Constitution | Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation |
| Philadelphia, PA | The location of the first capital of the United States |
| Washington D.C. | The new capital of the United States, whose building was assisted by Benjamin Bannaker, an African American surveyor. |
| President | Leader of the National Executive Branch. |
| Supreme Court | Leaders of the National Judicial Branch. |
| Congress | Leaders of the National Legislative Branch. |
| General Assembly | Leaders of the State Legislative Branch. |
| Governor | Leader of the State Executive Branch. |
| Virginia Supreme Court | Leaders of the State Judicial Branch. |
| First attempt to set up a government. | Articles of Confederation |
| World's longest running democracy set up in this document. | Constitution |
| Congress | Made up of the House of Representatives and Senate. |
| Senate | Two senators come from each state (100 total). |
| Coastal Plains | The region where you will find the location of Washington DC and Williamsburg. |
| Coastal Plain | Located along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico with Broad lowlands providing many excellent harbors |
| Appalachian Highlands | Old, eroded mountains (oldest mountain range in North America) |
| Canadian Shield | Wrapped around the Hudson Bay in a horseshoe shape |
| Interior Lowland | Rolling flatlands with many rivers, broad river valleys, and grassy hills |
| Great Plains | Flat lands that gradually increase in elevation westward; grasslands |
| Rocky Mountains | Rugged mountains stretching from Alaska almost to Mexico; high elevations |
| the Continental Divide | determines the directional flow of rivers |
| Basin and Range | Located west of the Rocky Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades Varying elevations containing isolated mountain ranges |
| Death Valley | the lowest point in North America |
| Coastal Range | Located along the Pacific Coast, stretching from California to Canada Rugged mountains and fertile valleys |
| The Atlantic Ocean | served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants. |
| The Ohio River | was the gateway to the west. |
| Inland port cities | grew in the Midwest along the Great Lakes. |
| The Mississippi and Missouri rivers were used to | transport farm and industrial products. They were links to United States ports and other parts of the world.The Columbia River |
| The Colorado River | was explored by the Spanish. |
| The Rio Grande | forms the border with Mexico. |
| The Gulf of Mexico | provided the French and Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of America. |
| The St. Lawrence River | forms part of the northeastern border with Canada and connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. |
| Cactus Hill | is located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia. |
| People lived in Cactus Hill as early as | 18,000 years ago makes it one of the oldest archaeological sites in North America. |
| Inuit | inhabited present-day Alaska and northern Canada. They lived in Arctic areas where the temperature is below freezing much of the year. |
| Kwakiutl | homeland includes the Pacific Northwest coast, characterized by a rainy, mild climate. |
| Lakota people | inhabited the interior of the United States, called the Great Plains, which is characterized by dry grasslands. |
| Pueblo tribes | inhabited the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where they lived in desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains. |
| Iroquois homeland includes | northeast North America, called the Eastern Woodlands, which is heavily forested. |
| Natural resources | Things that come directly from nature |
| Human resources | People working to produce goods and services |
| Capital resources | Goods produced and used to make other goods and services |
| Obstacles to the explorations | includes trying to understand Cherokee, Chickataw, Inuit, Sioux and Seminole languages. |
| Ghana, Mali, and Songhai became powerful by | controlling trade in West Africa. |
| The Portuguese | carried goods from Europe to West African empires, trading metals, cloth, and other manufactured goods for gold |
| Roanoke Island (Lost Colony) | was established as an economic venture. |
| Jamestown Settlement | the first permanent English settlement in North America (1607), was an economic venture by the Virginia Company. |
| Plymouth Colony | was settled by separatists from the Church of England who wanted to avoid religious persecution. |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | was settled by the Puritans to avoid religious persecution. |
| Pennsylvania | was settled by the Quakers, who wanted freedom to practice their faith without interference. |
| Georgia | was settled by people who had been in debtors’ prisons in England. They hoped to experience economic freedom and start a new life in the New World. |
| King George III | British king during the Revolutionary era |
| Lord Cornwallis | British general who surrendered at Yorktown |
| John Adams | Championed the cause of independence |
| George Washington | Commander of the Continental Army |
| Thomas Jefferson | Major author of the Declaration of Independence |
| Patrick Henry | Outspoken member of the House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with his “Give me liberty or give me death” speech |
| Benjamin Franklin | Prominent member of the Continental Congress; helped frame the Declaration of Independence; helped gain French support for American independence |
| Phillis Wheatley | Enslaved African American who wrote poems and plays supporting American independence and who eventually gained her freedom |
| Paul Revere | Patriot who made a daring ride to warn colonists of British arrival |
| Boston Massacre | Colonists in Boston were shot after taunting British soldiers. |
| Boston Tea Party | Samuel Adams and Paul Revere led patriots in throwing tea into Boston Harbor to protest tea taxes. |
| First Continental Congress | Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Great Britain and to promote independence. |
| Battles at Lexington and Concord | The first armed conflicts of the Revolutionary War |
| Approval of the Declaration of Independence | The colonies declared independence from Great Britain (July 4, 1776). |
| Battle of Saratoga | This American victory was the turning point in the war. |
| Surrender at Yorktown | This was the colonial victory over forces of Lord Cornwallis that marked the end of the Revolutionary War. |
| Signing of the Treaty of Paris | Great Britain recognized American independence in this treaty. |
| Colonial advantages | Some colonists’ defense of their own land, principles, and beliefs and Additional support from France |
| The Great Compromise | decided how many votes each state would have in the Senate and the House of Representatives. |
| The structure of the new national government included | three separate branches of government: |
| Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation led to | the effort to draft a new constitution. |
| The Bill of Rights | Based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason) and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Thomas Jefferson) |
| Louisiana Purchase | Jefferson bought land from France (the Louisiana Purchase), which doubled the size of the United States. |
| In the Lewis and Clark expedition | Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Territory from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. |
| Florida | Spain gave this to the United States through a treaty. |
| Texas | was added to the United States after it became an independent republic. |
| Oregon | This Territory was divided by the United States and Great Britain. |
| California | War with Mexico resulted in this and the southwest territory becoming part of the United States. |
| “Manifest Destiny” | the idea that expansion was for the good of the country and was the right of the country |
| The cotton gin was invented by | Eli Whitney. It increased the production of cotton and thus increased the need for slave labor to cultivate and pick the cotton. |
| Jo Anderson (an enslaved African American) and Cyrus McCormick | worked to invent the reaper. McCormick was an entrepreneur who brought the reaper to market. The reaper increased the productivity of the American farmer. |
| The steamboat was improved by the entrepreneur | Robert Fulton. |
| The steam locomotive | provided faster land transportation. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | People in each state would decide the slavery issue (“popular sovereignty”). |
| Missouri Compromise (1820) | Missouri entered the Union as a slave state; Maine entered the Union as a free state. |
| Border states (slave states) | Delaware Maryland Kentucky & Missouri |
| Abraham Lincoln | Opposed the spread of slavery and Issued the Emancipation Proclamation |
| Jefferson Davis | Was president of the Confederate States of America |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Was general of the Union army that defeated Lee |
| Robert E. Lee | Was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia and Urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on |
| Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson | Was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia |
| Frederick Douglass | Was an enslaved African American who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist |
| The firing on Fort Sumter, S.C. | began the war. |
| The first Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) | was the first major battle. |
| The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation | made “freeing the slaves” the new focus of the war. Many freed African Americans joined the Union army. |
| The Battle of Vicksburg | divided the South; the North controlled the Mississippi River. |
| The Battle of Gettysburg | was the turning point of the war; the North repelled Lee’s invasion. |
| Lee’s surrender to Grant | at Appomattox Court House in 1865 ended the war. |
| Disease | was a major killer in the Civil War |
| Benjamin Banneker | African American surveyor who helped design the plans for Washington DC. |
| Spain: Francisco Coronado | claimed the Southwest of the present-day United States for Spain. |
| France: Samuel de Champlain | established the French settlement of Québec. |
| Robert La Salle | claimed the Mississippi River Valley for France. |
| England | John Cabot explored eastern Canada. |
| The Portuguese made voyages of discovery along | the coast of West Africa. |
| Articles of Confederation | Provided for a weak national government & Gave Congress no power to tax |
| The first ten amendments to the Constitution provide | a written guarantee of individual rights (e.g., freedom of speech, freedom of religion). |
| George Washington | Federal court system was established & The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution of the United States of America. |
| Benjamin Banneker | an African American astronomer and surveyor, helped complete the design for the city. |
| John Adams | A two-party system emerged during his administration. |
| Thomas Jefferson | He bought Louisiana from France (Louisiana Purchase). |
| Lewis and Clark explored | new land west of the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. |
| James Madison | The War of l812 caused European nations to gain respect for the United States. |
| James Monroe | He introduced the Monroe Doctrine |
| Monroe Doctrine | a warning European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Which groups settled New England | Puritans and Pilgrims |
| Most individuals settling in Virginia were seeking | economic opportunities. |
| Which colony did the Virginia Company of London establish in 1607? | Jamestown |
| The primary pull factors for European colonization in North America was | religious freedom and economic opportunities. |
| The American Indian view of interaction with English settlers | The American Indians worried about food sources for the future. |
| The New England region is present day | Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island |
| The Middle Atlantic region is present day | Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania |
| The Southern region is present day | Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia |
| The New England region products & commerce include | lumber, shipbuilding, trade, molasses, fur trade, fishing, and subsistence farming |
| The Middle Atlantic region products & commerce include | shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trade |
| The Southern region products & commerce include | cash-crops, indigo, rice, tobacco, and plantations |
| New England's reason for settlement was | religious freedom |
| Middle Atlantic's reason for settlement was | economic opportunity and religious freedom |
| The Southern region's reason for settlement was | economic opportunity and business venture (Virginia Company of London) |
| What groups of people made up the New England region. | Pilgrims and Puritans |
| The economy of the New England colonies was partially based on | shipbuilding and fishing |
| The economy of the middle colonies was based primarily on | small-scale farming, shipbuilding, and trade. |
| The colonial region whose economy was based on | shipbuilding, lumbering, and small-scale subsistence farming was the New England |
| Why was slavery most predominant in the Southern colonies? | Large-scale agriculture required extensive labor |
| In an attempt to prevent conflict between the colonists and the Indians, Britain issued | the Proclamation of 1763. This act prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. |
| In time, colonization led to ideas of representative ________ and religious ________ that over several centuries would inspire similar transformations in other parts of the world. | government, tolerance |
| New England colonies used ______ in the operation of government. | town meetings |
| Virginia and the other Southern colonies had a social structure based on | family status and the ownership of land. |
| The growth of a plantation-based agricultural economy in the hot, humid coastal lowlands of the Southern colonies required _______ labor on a large scale. | cheap |
| Most plantation labor needs eventually came to be satisfied by the | forcible importation of Africans. |
| To help cover the costs of the French and Indian War, the British imposed taxes on the colonists. | Stamp Act, 1765 |
| All colonies except ____ sent representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. This Congress issued as its final resolution called the ______. | Georgia, The Declaration of Resolves. King George III ordered British troops to put down the rebellion. |
| On April 19, 1775, Minutemen and British troops met at _______. Shots were fired, and ___ colonists were killed. More fighting broke out as the British moved on to _____ . At least 273 British soldiers were killed or wounded on the march back to ___ . | Lexington, Massachusetts. eight, Concord, Boston |
| Patriots remained loyal to Britain and agreed with taxation as a means of paying for Britain protecting settlers from Indian attacks, for covering the cost of administering the Empire, and for defending against a French comeback. | Loyalist |
| Thomas Paine published a pamphlet called _____ in January of 1776. This pamphlet challenged the King of England’s rule of the colonies. It also shifted the focus of colonial anger from the Parliament to the Crown. | Common Sense |
| Which English immigrant challenged the rule of the American colonies by the King of England in a pamphlet called Common Sense? | Thomas Paine |
| The American Revolution began with a battle between British and colonial troops at | Lexington and Concord |
| The contribution of which country’s army and navy helped the colonists win the American Revolution? | France |
| Which are the key principles of the Declaration of Independence? | Equality, Liberty, Constraint |
| According to Locke, if a government failed to fulfill its social contract with its citizens, | they could overthrow the government for a new one. |
| "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." is a quote from | Declaration of Independence |
| Why was George Washington important to the American Revolution? | He was a strong commander of the Continental Army. |
| The Articles of Confederation was unsuccessful as a government system because | it established a weak national government |
| The author of the Bill of Rights and the "Virginia Plan" proposing a federal government with three branches was | James Madison |
| The concepts used when drafting the Bill of Rights were derived from which documents? | Virginia Declaration of Rights and Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom |
| The Bill of Rights can be described as | a written guarantee of individual rights. |
| In a federal system of government, power is shared between | the state and national levels of government. |
| In the government provided by the Articles of Confederation, | states had one vote regardless of size. |
| Describe the Missouri Compromise | Missouri was to enter as a slave state, and Maine was to enter as a free state. A line was to be drawn along the southern border of Missouri, and the extension of slavery into territories north of this line was to be forbidden. |
| Describe the Compromise of 1850 | California would enter as a free state. Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico territories. |
| Describe the Kansas-Nebraska Act | The issue of slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska. |
| The Louisiana Purchase, | acquired during the administration of Thomas Jefferson, doubled the size of the United States. |
| Which region was most opposed to high protective tariffs? | the South |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel that inflamed Northern abolitionist sentiment, was written by | Harriet Beecher Stowe. |
| April 9, 1865: Generals ____ and ____ met at a farmhouse in Appomattox, Virginia, to sign the agreement that would end the Civil War. | Grant, Lee |
| President of the United States during the Civil War; insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary | Abraham Lincoln |
| U.S. senator who became president of the Confederate States of America | Jefferson Davis |
| Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force); urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again. | Robert E. Lee |
| Former enslaved African American who became a prominent abolitionist and urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved African Americans to fight in the Union army | Frederick Douglass |
| Lincoln believed America was not a _______, but a whole country that could not be divided. | collection of states. |
| In November 1863, President Lincoln dedicated a cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield. The speech he gave at the dedication has become known as the | Gettysburg Address. |
| The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, began July 1, 1863. A total of 51,000 Union and Confederate soldiers lost their lives in this battle. The Union victory at Gettysburg was ___________________. | a turning point of the war. |
| April 12, 1861: ________ forces fired on Fort Sumter in the Charleston, South Carolina, harbor. | Confederate |
| April 14, 1865: just a few days after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, Abraham Lincoln was | assassinated. |
| The South lay in ruins following the Civil War. It would take ______ for the Southern economy and infrastructure to recover. | decades |
| The opening conflict of the Civil War was at | Fort Sumter. |
| Which former slave became a prominent abolitionist and encouraged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight for the Union? | Frederick Douglass |
| The Emancipation Proclamation was issued after the battle of | Antietam. |
| "I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; . . . The excerpt above is from which important document? | Emancipation Proclamation |
| President Lincoln believed it is ___________ for states to secede. | illegal |
| The Civil War ended at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, | 1865. |
| Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to | General Grant |
| Amendment 1 | Freedom of Religion, speech, press, and assbemly |
| Amendment 2 | Bearing Arms |
| Amendment 3 | Quarting Troop |
| Amendment 4 | Searches and Seizuries |
| Amendment 5 | Right of Accused Persons |
| Amendment 6 | Right to a Speedy, fair trial |
| Amendment 7 | civil suits |
| Amendment 8 | Bail and Punishment |
| Amendment 9 | Powers Resevered to the people |
| Amendment 10 | Powers Reserved to the States |
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