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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: CNS is composed of the _____ and ______Answer: Brain and Spinal Question: Answer: Elaboration of the portion of the CNS, increase in number of neurons, highest level in human brain Question: 3 main surface of the brainAnswer: Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebellum
Brain Question: Spinal Cord Answer: Central cavity surrounded by gray matter core around which is white matter composed of fiber tracts Question: Ventricles Answer: C shaped lateral ventricles" Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), & rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Question: Hemisphere contains ridges called ___ and grooves called ___ and deep grooves called ___Answer: Ridges - Gyri and Grooves - Sulci Deep Grooves - Question: The cerebral hemispheres are seperated by _______Answer: Longitudinal Question: basic regions of the cerebral hemispheresAnswer: , white matter, and basal nuclei Question: The cerebral hemispheres form the _____ part of the brain and make up _____% of its massAnswer: Superior and 83% of Question: The cerebral cortex is made up of superficial ____ matter and accounts for ___% of brain massAnswer: Gray Matter and 40% of brain Question: The cerebral cortex enables ______, ______, _____, ______ and _____movements.Answer: It enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and movements Question: Hemispheres of the brain control ______ sides of the body and are equal/unequal in functionAnswer: Opposite sides of the body and are not equal in . Question: Conscious behavior involves the ______ cortex.Answer: Question: functional areas of the cerebral cortexAnswer: Motor, sensory, Question: Motor areas of the cerebral cortex control ____Answer: Voluntary Question: Sensory areas of the cerebral cortex control ______Answer: Conscious of sensation Question: Association areas of the cerebral cortex control _______Answer: Integration of information Question: List 5 functional of the anterior cerebral cortexAnswer: Primary motor area, premotor cortex, frontal eye field, brocca's area, prefrontal , Question: List 8 functional areas of the cerebral cortexAnswer: prim. somatosensory cortex, somatosensory assoc. cortex, gustatory cortex, Wernicke's area, prim. visual cortex, visual assoc. area, auditory assoc. area, prim. auditory area, sensory area Question: motor cortexAnswer: Allows conscious of precise, skilled, voluntary movements Question: cortexAnswer: Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions Involved in the planning of Question: Broca's Answer: Present in one hemisphere (usually the left) A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue Is active as one prepares to speak - speech preparation and Question: Frontal Eye Answer: Controls voluntary eye Question: Primary somatosensory Answer: Upside down and back wards input from body regions Question: Somatosensory association Answer: Temp, pressure, Question: association area Answer: Uses past visual experience to interpret visual stimuli (color form and ) Question: association area Answer: "perceives" sound stimulus using memories. Question: (taste) cortex Answer: of taste. Question: Visceral area Answer: conscious of visceral senses Question: visual (striate) cortex Answer: Receives visual from the retinas Question: Primary auditory Answer: Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and Question: Prefrontal Answer: Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience Closely linked to the limbic system (emotional part of the brain) Question: area Answer: involved in sounding out words, maybe Question: Lateral prefrontal Answer: language and word analysis Question: and ventral temporal lobe Answer: coordinate auditory and visual aspects of Question: List the language 4Answer: Wernicke's area Broca's area prefrontal cortex Lateral and ventral temporal lobe Question: General (Common) Area FactsAnswer: Ill-defined region including parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes Found in one hemisphere, usually the left Integrates signals into a single thought Involved in processing spatial relationships Question: LateralizationAnswer: each has abilities not shared with its partner Question: Cerebral Answer: designates the dominant for language Question: Left hemisphere Answer: controls , math, and logic Question: hemisphere controlsAnswer: controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic Question: Cerebral white matter consists of _____ and is responsible for communication between _____Answer: deep fibers and their tracts The cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum Question: DiencephalonAnswer: Central core of the Question: Three paired structures of the Answer: Thalamus Hypothalamus Question: The diencephalon encloses the ____ ventricleAnswer: Question: thalamic Answer: Afferent impulses from all senses converge Impulses are sorted out, edited, and relayed as a All inputs pass through the thalamus Plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory Question: areasAnswer: Located below the thalamus Mammillary bodies Relay station for olfactory pathways Infundibulum – of the hypothalamus; connects to the pituitary gland Main visceral control center of the body Question: Mammillary Answer: Relay station for pathways Question: Answer: stalk of the hypothalamus; to the pituitary gland Main visceral control center of the body Question: FunctionAnswer: regulates blood pressure, breathing, visceral activities, body temp, feelings of hunger and with perception of fear pleasure, and rage Question: Endocrine Functions of the Answer: Releasing hormones control secretion of hormones by the pituitary Produce ADH and oxytocin Question: Epithalamus Answer: Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon pineal gland and plexus Question: glandAnswer: secretes melatonin Melatonin – a hormone involved with sleep , sleep-wake cycles, and mood Question: plexus Answer: a structure that secretes cerebral spinal (CSF) Question: regions of brain stemAnswer: midbrain, pons, and medulla Question: brain stem Answer: Similar to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival Provides the pathway for tracts higher and lower brain centers Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves Question: Midbrain Answer: Cerebral Cerebral aqueduct Question: funtionsAnswer: Visual reflex and auditory relay Question: Parkinson's disease is a degeneration of _____ releasing neuronsAnswer: Question: Pons Answer: Bulging brainstem between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata Question: fibers of the pons do two things _______ and ______Answer: Connect brain centers and the spinal cord Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum Question: Oblongata factsAnswer: Most inferior part of the brain stem Decussation of the pyramids – crossover points of the corticospinal tracts Cardiovascular center Respiratory center , hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing Question: Cerebellum Answer: Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of muscle contraction Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously Question: Cerebellar Answer: receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction Proprioceptors and visual signals “inform” the cerebellum of the body’s condition calculates the best way to a movement "blueprint" is sent to cerebral motor cortex Question: Cerebellar FunctionAnswer: Plays a role in and problem solving Recognizes and predicts sequences of events Question: List the two brain systemsAnswer: system Reticular formation Question: Answer: deals with anger, danger, and fear Question: Cingulate Answer: plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves conflict Question: The system interacts with the prefrontal lobes, therefore: Answer: One can react emotionally to conscious understandings One is consciously aware of emotion in life Question: structures Answer: convert new information into long-term Question: Formation: RAS – reticular activating system Answer: Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli Question: Reticular Formation: Motor Answer: Helps coarse motor movements Autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions – e.g., vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers Question: Brain Waves Answer: Continous activity EEG records activity Unique Peaks and troughs expressed in Hertz(Hz) Question: wavesAnswer: regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, slow, waves indicating an “idling” brain Question: Beta Answer: rhythmic, more waves occurring during the awake and mentally alert state Question: WavesAnswer: more irregular than alpha waves; common in but abnormal in adults Question: WavesAnswer: high-amplitude waves seen in deep and when reticular activating system is damped Question: Epilepsy Answer: A victim of epilepsy may lose consciousness, fall stiffly, and have uncontrollable jerking, characteristic of seizure Epilepsy is not associated with, nor does it cause, intellectual impairments Epilepsy occurs in 1% of the population Question: Absence Seizure or petit mal seizure Answer: mild seizures seen in children where the expression goes blank Question: mal seizures Answer: victim loses consciousness, are often broken due to intense convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of the tongue Question: Control of Answer: Epilepsy can usually be controlled with drugs Vagus nerve stimulators can be implanted under the skin of the chest and can keep electrical activity of the brain from becoming chaotic Question: Consciousness Answer: Higher mental processes perception of sensation initiation and control of movement holistic and interconnected Question: consciousness Answer: is defined on a continuum that levels of behavior – alertness, drowsiness, stupor, coma Question: 2 of sleepAnswer: REM and Non Question: One passes through four stages of NREM during the first _______ of sleep Answer: 30-45 Question: REM sleep occurs after the ______ NREM stage has been achieved Answer: Question: Stage 1 NREM Answer: eyes are closed and relaxation begins; the EEG shows alpha waves; one can be aroused Question: Stage 2 NREM Answer: EEG pattern is irregular with sleep spindles (high-voltage wave ); arousal is more difficult Question: Stage 3 NREM Answer: sleep deepens; theta and delta waves appear; vital signs decline; dreaming is Question: Stage 4 NREM Answer: EEG pattern is dominated by waves; skeletal muscles are relaxed; arousal is difficult Question: REM 4 Answer: EEG pattern reverts through the NREM stages to the stage 1 pattern Vital signs increase Skeletal muscles (except ocular muscles) are inhibited Most takes place Question: pattern DescriptionsAnswer: alternating cycles of sleep and wakefulness a natural cicadian rhythm RAS activity declines typical pattern alternates between REM and NREM Question: Narcolepsy Answer: – lapsing abruptly into sleep from the state Question: Answer: chronic inability to the amount or quality of sleep needed Question: apnea Answer: temporary cessation of breathing during Question: Memory is ____ and ____ of informationAnswer: storage and Question: The three principles of are: Answer: Storage – occurs in stages and is continually changing Processing – accomplished by the hippocampus and surrounding structures Memory traces – or structural changes that encode memory Question: The two stages of memory are ____ memory and ____ memory Answer: -term long-term Question: Short term Answer: – a fleeting memory of the events that continually happen lasts seconds to and usually limited to 7-8 pieces of info Question: Factors that effect transfer of memory from STM to LTM : Answer: Emotional state –alert, motivated, and aroused Rehearsal – repeating or rehearsing material enhances memory Association – associating new information with old memories in LTM enhances Automatic memory – subconscious information stored in LTM Question: Two of memoryAnswer: Fact memory and skill Question: Fact (declarative) :Answer: learning explicit information Is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability Is stored with the context in which it was learned Question: Skill :Answer: less conscious than fact memory and involves motor acquired through practice do not retain the context in which they were learned Question: The brain is protected by ____, ____ and _____Answer: bone, meninges, and fluid Question: Harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the __________Answer: brain barrier Question: Three connective membranes lie external to the CNS:Answer: dura mater, arachnoid , and pia mater Question: of the meninges Answer: Cover and protect the CNS Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses Contain fluid (CSF) Form partitions within the skull Question: meninges Answer: Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of dura matter arachnoid mater pia mater Question: Dura Answer: Leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers The two layers separate in certain areas and form sinuses Three dural septa extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain Question: MaterAnswer: The middle meninx, forms a loose brain covering separated from the dura by subdural space Beneath the arachnoid is a wide subarachnoid space filled with CSF and lg bld vess. Arachnoid villi protrude superiorly and permitCSFto absb to venous blood Question: Pia Answer: Deep meninx composed of delicate connective that clings tightly to the brain Question: Fluid (CSF)Answer: watery solution similar to plasma liquid cushion prevent brain from crushing under its wieght protects from trauma nourishes and carries chem signals Question: Blood-Brain Answer: mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain Question: Bloodborne substances are from neurons by: Answer: Continuous endothelium of capillary walls Relatively thick basal lamina feet of astrocytes Question: Blood-Brain : FunctionsAnswer: allows nutrients to pass absent in some areas allowing areas to monitor chem composition of blood stress increases the ability of chems to pass through Question: Accidents (Strokes)Answer: caused when blood circulation to brain is blocked and tissue dies Question: strokes are commonly caused by ___ and ____Answer: Most commonly caused by blockage of a artery Other causes include compression of the brain by hemorrhage or edema, and atherosclerosis Question: Transient ischemic (TIAs) Answer: temporary episodes of reversible ischemia Question: plasminogen activator (TPA)Answer: is the only treatment for stroke Question: Alzheimer’s Answer: a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that in dementia Question: disease Answer: degeneration of the dopamine-releasing Question: Huntington’s Answer: a fatal hereditary Question: CordAnswer: CNS tissue is enclosed within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1 Provides two-way to and from the brain Question: spinal cord is protected by _______Answer: Protected by bone, , and CSF Question: Epidural Answer: between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) filled with fat and a network of veins Question: Conus Answer: terminal portion of the spinal Question: Denticulate Answer: – delicate shelves of pia ; attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae Question: Spinal nerves have ___ pairs attach to the cord by ______Answer: 31 roots Question: and lumbar enlargements Answer: sites where nerves serving the and lower limbs emerge Question: equina Answer: – collection of nerve at the inferior end of the vertebral canal Question: paralysis is ____Answer: loss of motor Question: paralysis Answer: severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn Question: flaccid factsAnswer: motor neurons are damaged and impulses do not reach muscles There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles Question: Spastic Answer: – only motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged Question: spastic paralysis Answer: Spinal neurons remain intact and muscles are stimulated irregularly There is no voluntary control of Question: Transection Answer: Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and loss in regions inferior to the cut Question: Paraplegia Answer: – transection T1 and L1 Question: Answer: – transection in the cervical Question: Poliomyelitis Answer: Destruction of the horn motor neurons by the poliovirus Early symptoms – fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of somatic reflexes Vaccines are available and can prevent infection Question: Amyotrophic Sclerosis (ALS) factsAnswer: Lou Gehrig’s – neuromuscular condition involving destruction of anterior horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract Symptoms – loss of the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe Death occurs within five years Question: Fibers & tracts have 3 directions. Answer: Commissural (horizontal), (verticle), or projection (verticle). Question: Answer: Composed of commissural fibers (horizontal) - connect gray areas of both hemispheres - is corpus callosum. Question: Callosum Answer: Deep w/in longitudinal fissure - largest commissure - both hemispheres so they can coordinate. Question: Association Answer: Connect parts of same hemisphere. Question: Projection Answer: Tie cortex to rest of nervous system - run . Question: Nuclei Answer: Regulate attention & cognition - nucleus, putamon, & globus pallidus - collection of nerve bodies in CNS Question: What is as the "gateway to the cerebral cortex?" Answer: the Question: peduncles Answer: Verticle pillars holding up . Question: __ nerve carries to the heart. Answer: Question: __ unconscious control of motor activity. Answer: cerebellum Question: formationAnswer: Balance, posture, & muscle tone - Low-level motor pathway - major of interneurons. Question: __ activity is during sleep, but not __ functions. Answer: Cortical - brainstem Question: use by brain during REM sleep is __ than awake state.Answer: Greater Question: fluid reduces brain weight by __.Answer: 97% - by it. Question: Answer: Deprivation of supply to a tissue. Question: The spinal cord ends between __.Answer: L1 & L2 Question: terminale Answer: Anchors spinal cord to . Question: From to internal, the meninges are: Answer: Dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia . Question: Dura Answer: "Tough Mother" - strongest meninx - surrounds . Question: 3 kinds of neurons.Answer: Sensory neurons, interneurons, & motor . Question: Sensory Answer: Collect & relay info about to spinal cord & brain. Question: Interneurons Answer: In the spinal cord & brain - receive & sensory input & send signals to other neurons. Question: neurons Answer: Relay signals from interneurons to effectors - muscles & glands - that out responses. Question: Each nerve from column via the __.Answer: formina Question: All neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord gray are __. Answer: Question: The dorsal of spinal cord are __.Answer: Interneurons Question: Ventral horns of spinal cord are __. Answer: Somatic motor . Question: HemiplegiaAnswer: on one side of body. Question: Two of limbic systemAnswer: amygdala and gyrus |
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