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Question: normal BP Answer: <120 S---<80 Question: pre-HTN BP Answer: 120-139 S---80-89 Question: HTN 1 BP rangeAnswer: 140-159 S---90-99 Question: HTN Stage 2 BP Answer: > or = 160 S---> or = 100 Question: what is peripheral resistance?Answer: vessel constriction or dilation, which is controlled by nervous system and the hormones--epinephrine and norepinephrine Question: what is a volume?Answer: amount of blood ejected from the heart per Question: what is the cardiac output range?Answer: 5-7 L/min Question: what is ?Answer: the thickening or of the arterial walls Question: what CO?Answer: increased heart rate and increased volume Question: what increases vascular resistance?Answer: factors that increase viscosity (such as dehydration) and factors that decrease vessel diameter (such as caffenine, nicotine, meds) Question: what makes a RF for HTN?Answer: vasoconstriction, increased carbon monoxide levels, and increased platelet adhesion which may lead to formation Question: what race is at risk for HTN?Answer: AA and Question: 25% of cardiac OP goes ?Answer: Question: What are some RF for HTN?Answer: renal vascular and disease, primary aldosteronism, coarctation of the aorta. meds such as BC (estrogen), antihistamines, and erythropoetin Question: what are some signs of HTN?Answer: HA, dizziness, or Question: how do you for orthostatic hypotension?Answer: take a BP reading pt supine or sitting, then 2 min later take while standing Question: what BP shows orthostatic hypotension?Answer: a in BP 20 S or 10 D when pt changes positions Question: what assessment indicates renal disease?Answer: , proteinuria, elevated BUN, and creatinine Question: what assessment may indicate cardiomegaly?Answer: x-ray Question: what assessment shows left artial and left ventricular enlargement?Answer: x-ray and Question: what is the Na for HTN pt?Answer: less than /day Question: if a pt has a BMI ___ or higher weight loss is Answer: Question: HTN with a BMI of 25 or higher should lose weight and have a diet consisting of ___ fat, ____ sat. fat, ___ cholesterolAnswer: less than 30% fat, less than 10% sat fat, and less than /day cholesterol Question: HTN pt limit slcohol intake to ___Answer: no more than 1 oz of ethanol daily= 2 oz liquor, 8 oz wine, 24 oz Question: what is for exerise with HTN pt?Answer: start slow---30-45 min 3-5 /week Question: what are 3 of diuretics?Answer: , loop, and K-sparing Question: what are 4 types of pharmacologic for HTN?Answer: diuretics, Ca Channel Blockers, ACE inhibitors, and Question: what is the potent diuretic?Answer: Question: what do do?Answer: they prevent Na and water reabsorption in the TUBULES and promote K excretion---so basically they help get rid of water, Na, and K Question: what are pt a thiazide diuretic at risk for?Answer: , hypovolemia, and hypokalemia Question: what are 2 types of thiazide ?Answer: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)--Esidrix/HydroDiuril AND -- Diuril Question: what is the diuretic?Answer: loop Question: what do loop do?Answer: they depress Na reabsorption in ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE and promote K ---basically they get rid of water, Na, and K Question: what are pt a loop diuretic at risk for?Answer: , hypovolemia, and hypokalemia Question: what are 2 types of loop ?Answer: furosemide (Lasix) and (Bumex) Question: what do K-sparing do?Answer: they act on DISTAL TUBULE to inhibit Na reabsorption in exchange for K, retaining K---so basically they get rid of water and Na and keep K Question: what are pt a K-sparing diuretic at risk for?Answer: hyponatremia, hypovolemia, and Question: what are 2 of K-sparing diuretics?Answer: spironolactone (aldactone) and (Dyrenium) Question: what are the signs of and hypokalemia?Answer: irregular pulse and weakness Question: what do Ca blockers do?Answer: they interfere with transmembrane flux of Ca ions...so they block Ca from entering the tissue Question: what is the result of Ca blockers?Answer: vasdilation and decrease Question: what are 4 of Ca channel blockers?Answer: VERY NICE DRUGS ALWAYS---verapamil (calan, calan-SR, lsoptin), dilitaizem (cardizem, cardizem-SR), nicardipine (cardene, -SR), and amiodipine (novasc) Question: if taking Ca channel blocker Dilitiazem, avoid ____ and why?Answer: grapfruit juice bc it increases the drug level and will decrease BP Question: what Ca channel blocker increases the of Digoxin?Answer: (Cardene) Question: Photosensitivity is a side effect for which Ca blocker?Answer: Amlodipine (Norvasc)--use protective Question: what do converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors do?Answer: they inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II---basically they are the vasoconstriction that angiotensin II produces Question: what are 3 types of ACE ?Answer: "PRIL" DRUGS---captopril (capoten), enalapril (vasotec), and lisinopril (zestril, ) Question: what is a side effect of ACE inhibitors?Answer: Question: what do angiotensin II antagonists (ARBS) do?Answer: they block the binding of angiotensin II in the and ADRENAL tissues...so basically they prevent angiotensin from doing its job Question: what are 3 ARBS?Answer: "SARTAN" drugs---candesarten (atacand), (cozaar), and telmisarten (micardis) Question: what are 2 side effects of ARBS?Answer: angioedema (caused by Candsarten and and losarten can cause heart failure Question: which HTN drugs are used to prevent disease?Answer: ARBS and Question: which HTN drug best for AA?Answer: Question: what do aldosterone antagonists do?Answer: they lower the BP by blocking aldosterone binding at the receptor site in teh kidney, heart, blood vessels, and brain...so basically receptors aren't recieving aldosterone therefore not holding in Na and water Question: what are the of taking aldosterone receptor antagonists?Answer: hyperkalemia and Question: what do beta do?Answer: they block beta receptors in the heart and peripheral vessels, this cardiac OP and BP Question: what is a beta drug?Answer: "OLOL" ---propranolol (inderal) Question: what are the 2 types of beta ?Answer: and non-cardioselective Question: beta I is used for ___Answer: cardiovascular---common with Question: beta II is used for ___Answer: Question: beta nonselective is used for ____Answer: both and lungs = heart rate, BP, and respirations all DECREASE Question: what should be monitored on a pt a beta blocker?Answer: fatigue, weakness, depression, sexual dysfunction all due to lack of Question: what do baroreceptors do?Answer: they sense in BP Question: where are arterial baroreceptors ?Answer: sinus, aorta, and wall of left ventricle Question: if there is a rise in artial pressure (BP), the ___ nerve will be stimulated, which will cause a decrease in ____ and _____Answer: nerve.....decrease in heart rate and vasodilation Question: with hypertension, the ____ system does not work properlyAnswer: arterial baroreceptor Question: increase in Na and water = ____ in BPAnswer: Question: increase in cardiac OP = increase in blood to kidneys = ___ dieresis that leads to ____ in BPAnswer: increase dieresis and decrease BP-->this if there is normal kidney function Question: is released from renal cells in response to BP/blood volumeAnswer: Question: is a powerful which will increase BP levelsAnswer: angiotensin Question: is released from the adrenal glands and its function is to retain Answer: aldosterone Question: regulates perfusion of tissues at a constant Answer: autoregulation Question: what does essential HTN ?Answer: (thickening) of the arterioles |
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