Histology ASCP Word Scramble
S L S I F M S I . L A Y E E . D O T D N O A I .
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| Question | Answer |
| Osmolality is defined as... | the # of particles in a solution |
| ABsorption | a PHYSICAL process by which the dye DISSOLVES DIRECTLY INTO elements int he sample. |
| T or F: Lipids in the cell are easily fixed. | False |
| PAS counterstain with _______ hematoxylin | HARRIS hematoxylin with Acetic Acid |
| BUFFERS | prevent fluctuations in pH |
| The rate of penetration is NOT affected by _______. | the concentration of the fixative |
| Mucicarmine | rose red dye in the mucicarmine staining solution gets its color from the aluminum-carminic acid complex carmine |
| hypertonic solution will | cause tissue to shrink (ie. picric acid) |
| Autolysis | dissolving of cells by enzyme action |
| Putrefaction | breakdown of tissue by bacterial action from within. also called postmortem decomposition |
| Dyes are substances... | capable of imparting color chemically or physically binding with materials |
| glutaraldehyde is s dialdehyde and gives false result for PAS becuase | its 2nd NH2 group is left free to react w/Schiff (which is used to detect aldehydes). |
| 2 categories of dyes... | Natural & Artificial |
| Mucicarmine is also used to identify | ADENOCARCINOMAS & Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Coagulant fixatives establish a network in tissue allowing penetration. Examples are... | Mercuric chloride; zinc salts; chromium trioxide; picric acid; and POTASSIUM DICHROMATE AT PH > 3.5 |
| in the case of staining, FIXATION | alters and reorganizes certain molecular structures in tissue samples so that they have an increased permeability and are more receptive to staining. |
| Nine factors which influence tissue fixation: | Temperature, Size, Tissue/Fixative Volume ratio, Time, Choice of Fixative, Penetration Capability, Tissue storage, pH, Osmolality |
| Natural dyes are | from natural resources (ie. HEMATOXYLIN) |
| hypotonic solution will | cause tissue to swell (ie. acetic acid) |
| Acetic acid lyses _________, and thus their preservation is poor in in any fixative containing it. | red blood cells |
| A ________ - storage form of _________ is retained during fixation. | A glycogen-storage form of glucose is retained during fixation. This is due to the entrapment by fixed proteins. |
| The cell is composed of | proteins, carbohydrates and lipids held loosely together by hydrogen bonds |
| Fixation causes ________ linkage of protein molecules. | cross linkage |
| Acetic Acid is a non-coagulant and... | Does NOT fix or destroy carbohydrates. Does NOT fix lipids. YES penetrates slowly. YES preserves nucleoproteins. |
| a good fixative will... | penetrate tissue quickly + harden the tissue retain micro anatomical structure; maintain histological relationships so the cells can be studied |
| Acetic acid warnings: | add TO water; use under a hood; causes severe burns; exposure limit of 10ppm |
| pH of the staining sollution | cells have specific affinity for stains/dyes with specific pH ranges |
| Formaldehyde (manufacturer label) = Formalin (37%-40% in water) | 37%-40% formalin |
| Some _________ are usually LOST during fixation. | carbohydrates |
| Fixatives in order of decreasing speed of penetration: | formaldehyde-acetic acid-mercuric chloride-methy alcohol-osmium tetroxide-picric acid |
| Coagulation/Precipitation render the ________ more resilient. | nucleus.Giving it a sharper more intact appearance. |
| Let's look at Stains...momentarily | |
| BASIC stains love ACID tissue elements (nuclei & other basophilics) | ACID stains love BASIC tissue elements (cytoplasm & other acidophilic) |
| Only 2 chemicals can fix lipids so they are not lost in subsequent processing. | (1) Osmium tetroxide (2) Chromic Acid |
| Formaldehyde is colorless ________. | gas |
| show positive PAS (Rose Red) staining | Glycogen. Neutral mucins. Some epithelial mucins. Basement membranes. Fungal walls. |
| Biological stain commission DOES NOT | manufacture biological stains |
| PAS with Diastase | used in conjunction with the PAS staining procedure to specifically identify glycogen granules in tissue samples. Amylase enzymes in a malt extract are used to digest the glycogen, which is then washed out of the tissue sample. |
| Tissue FIXATION | fixation alters and reorganizes certain molecular structures in tissue samples so that they have an increased permeability and are more receptive to staining. |
| stabilization is accomplished by | denaturing of proteins |
| T or F: Fixation brings out the differences in refractive indexes of tissues. | True |
| NON-coagulant fixatives produce a gel that makes penetration difficult.Examples are... | formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, acetic acid, potassium dichromate, osmium tetroxide |
| Glutaraldehyde fixes ____ and binds ________. | fixes slowly and binds slowly |
| Cross links makes tissue suitable for microtomy by... | strengthening and hardening the tissue |
| OXIDATION = removal of electrons from molecules | REDUCTION = adding electrons |
| TEMPERATURE of the dye | increased temperature = increased rate of diffusion throughout the tissue |
| Alcian Blue | has an affinity for acidic tissue elements like mucin. The dye gets color from the copper in the molecule |
| Artificial dyes are | from chemical reactions (greatly outnumber natural dyes) |
| Alcian Blue solution with a pH of 2.5 | stains CARBOLYLATED mucins in connective tissues and cartilage. |
| normal osmolality | isotonic |
| Stabilization of proteins is done in order to prevent | tissue destruction during subsequent steps in processing |
| pH scale: 1 - 14 | 1-6.9 ACIDIC. 7-7.4 NEUTRAL. 7.5-14 BASIC. |
| Intent of fixation is: | preserve tissue in life-like state;prevent breakdown of cellular components; coagulate/precipitate proteins (insoluble);keep from losing proteins during processing |
| The rate of penetration is affected by _______. | heat |
| ADsorption | which the dye BINDS TO ELEMENTS IN THE SAMPLE that have an affinity for the dye. |
| Fixation changes the weak hydrogen bonds into | stable bonded complexes |
| Biological Stain Commission | agency responsible for ensuring the quality of biological stains and -PROMOTE COOPERATION AMONG VENDORS -EDUCATE USERS OF STAINS PUBLISH INFO CONCERNING NEW OR IMPROVED STAINS |
| The most important step in the histology laboratory | fixation |
| Alcian Blue solution with a pH of 1.0 | stains most SULFATED acid mucins. These mucins can be found in cartilage, large intestine goblet cells and bronchial serous glands. |
| Dyes impart color due to | the presence of color bearing chemical groups called CHROMOGENS |
| CONCENTRATION of the dye | the greater the concentration, the more the dye is bound to tissue components |
| Kidney biopsy specimens for immunofluorescence frequently are held, or even mailed in ________. | Michel transport solution. |
| Biopsy specimen which cannot be immediately placed in fixative should be. | placed in a saline dampened gauze, put in plastic container and put on ice for the short holding time. |
| Alcian Blue used with PAS | both acid and neutral mucins can be demonstrated. Alcian Blue will stain acidic mucins blue. PAS will stain neutral mucins rose red. This technique is particularlyuseful in diagnosing diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. |
| Mucicarmine results | Nuclei are stained black with Weigert's Iron Hematoxylin and the remaining background tissue elements are stained yellow with Metanil Yellow or Tartrazine. |
| Fixation is the... | stabilization of proteins in tissue |
| RNA and DNA are entrapped in the nucleus by the process of ... | fixation |
| T or F: Unfixed tissue elements have LIMITED binding sites for dyes. | TRUE |
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alexinem
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