orgo 2 Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| Ranking reactivity | amide(very unreactive) < Ester< Anhydride < Acid Chloride/ Bromide (Bromide is more reactive than Cl though) |
| fisher esterification | alcohol + carboxylic acid= ESTER |
| conjugate base of benzoic acid= | soluble in H2O |
| Extraction | seperates water from acid/base |
| In a solution with ether, ester, benzoic acid, and water---> if we add NAOH (strong base) what will seperate in which order? | Ether on top, then ester, then the bottom aqueous layer would have benzoic acid mixed with H2O |
| If you do an EXTRACTION w/ base (NAOH)...then what do u pull out? | carboxylic acid (aqueous soluble extraction) |
| if you do EXTRACTION w/ acid(HCL)...then what do you pull out? | Amine (aqueous soluble extraction) |
| Ionic compounds are salts and they are.... | H2O soluble |
| R-NH3+= | ionic salt soluble |
| rules of Aqueous Extractions:: If it is an acid= | add a base to extract |
| rules of Aqueous Extractions:: if it is a base= | add an acid to extract |
| Crystallization | take solute impurities and dissolve in hot solvent; then cool and put on ice; the impurities will be on the top and the crystals (solute of interest) will be on the bottom |
| Chromatography- 2 kinds | TLC= Thin Layer Chromatography;;; Gas Chromatography (GC) |
| TLC | Uses a TLC plate that is made of silica ( polar gel). |
| TLC uses what equation for distance traveled? | Rf= distance spot traveled/ distance to solvent front |
| The least polar in TLC travels the _____? | furthest; held on silica plate least |
| The most polar in TLC travels the _____? | least; held on to silica plate longer b/c the plate is polar and IT is polar. |
| Low Rf value in TLC= | most polar (traveled the least) |
| Highest possible Rf value in TLC= | 1 |
| Lowest possible Rf value in TLC= | 0 |
| WHEN you use a VERY polar solvent in TLC... | everything travels furthest |
| TLC seperates? | polar from non polar solvents. CHeck impurities for pure substances |
| Gas Chromatogrphy (GC) is used to exploit | B.P. |
| In GC, things with low BP= | spend alot more time in gas phase and blow through tube faster |
| In GC, things with HIGH BP= | spend time condensed in wall and take alot more to blow through tube |
| In GC, shorter retention time and get eluded first? | lower BP |
| In GC, longer rentention time and get eluded last? | higher BP |
| SImple distillation exploits? | BP |
| Simple Distillation uses a ? | Hickman head |
| Simple Distillation seperates _____ and ____ when heated | Ether ( which is collected in Hickman head) and water |
| Ether has a _____ BP and _____ VP compared to H2O | low, high VP |
| In what order does something distill? | things with lower BP and intermolecular forces distill first |
| What are the 2 types of distillation? | 1. simple 2. fractional |
| What type of distillation is good for things with big differences in BP? | Simple |
| what type of distillation is good for things with similiar BP? | Fractional (get a purer sample than simple) |
| What happens in fractional distillation? | you have a tube with beads and it goes through many cycles of vaporization and condensation. |
| IR causes light to? | stretch or bend bonds; show functional groups |
| IR of alcohol (OH-) | 3400 |
| IR of C=O (carbonyl) | 1700 |
| IR of Carboxylic acid ( OH-) | 1700 & 3500- 2500 (alot of peaks) |
| IR of Aldehyde | 1700 & 2800 - 2700 (2 peaks big) |
| IR of Ketone | 1700 & 1710 |
| IR of Ester | 1700 & 1000-1300 & 1735 |
| IR of Primary Amine ( R-NH2) | 2 peaks @ 3400 |
| IR of Secondary Amine (R1-NH-R2) | 1 peak @ 3400 |
| IR of Tertiary Amine ( R1, R2, R3- N) | NO PEAKS for N-H |
| IR of C[triple bond]C | 2100-2300 |
| IR of C[triple bond]N | 2100-2300 |
| NMR that does chemical shift, integration, & splitting | 1H NMR |
| NMR that does ONLY chemical shift | 13C NMR |
| In NMR----> # of peaks= ? | N+1 |
| In NMR ----> # of neighbors= | N |
| D2O replaces | OH and NH with OD |
| parasubstitution= | 2 doublets representing 2 H each |
| Cysteine Residue | In a 3 (more likely) or 4 structure. Terminates in a S-H |
| Disulfide bridge formed by Oxidation, has london Dispersion forced that aid in folding | Cysteine Residue |
| living creatures only incorporate ____ Amino Acid | L and NOT D |
| Amino Acids are polar, but their side chains(R) can change them into.... | polar side chain= polar AA; nonpolar side chain= non polar AA |
| Amide= | NOT basic |
| RNH2= | Basic |
| RCH2COOH= | Acidic |
| Basic AA= | lysine & Arginine |
| Acidic AA= | Aspartic Acid |
| R-NH3+ | R group attached to AA. It is a Basic residue b/c it looks like a conjugate acid, but it is not b/c it has already acted as a base |
| R-CH2COO- | R group attached to AA. It is a Acidic residue b/c it looks like a conjugate base, but it is not b/c it has already acted as an acid |
| Acidic residues | Glutamic Acid and Aspartic Acid |
| all human and animal AA are derived from | L glyceraldehyde |
| all animal carbs are formed from | D glyceraldehyde |
| Bacteria cell was have ____ configuration | D |
| what happens if u stop eating carbs? | glycogen is broken down in the liver and H2O is removed |
| Monosubstituted= | 5 H --- 3H+2H |
| Carbs are Monosacharides=GGF | GLUCOSE; FRUCTOSE; GALACTOSE |
| OLIGOSACHARIDES (more than 1 sacharide)= DSL | DISSACHARIDES; SUCROSE; LACTOSE |
| suffix for simple sugars= | -ose |
| Sucrose= SUCR= GF | GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE |
| Lactose= LAC GG (gucci) | Glucose + Galactose |
| Polysacharides | 1. Starches 2. Chitiin 3. Cellulose 4. Glycogen (stored in liver) |
| Aldehyde in glucose= | Aldose + sugar |
| Organisms incorporate _____ sugars | D sugars , not L |
| Ketone in glucose | Ketose + sugar |
| Ketohexose= | 6 C in chain , -ose means sugar so it has alot of -OH's attached |
| Aldopentose= | 5 C in chain |
| Anomneric Carbon ( found in Hemiacetal/ketal) | bonded to 2 O, is chiral in the CYCLIC form, but not in the linear form |
| The non hydrogen group connected to the Anomeric carbon, POINTS DOWN | Alpha (think ALPHA...looks like a fish...so it swims DOWN in the ocean) |
| The non hydrogen group connected to the Anomeric carbon, POINTS UP | Beta |
| When writing Hemiacetal/ ketals from linear form....if the OH is on the right side, then it points | down (think SIT RIGHT DOWN) |
| When writing Hemiacetal/ ketals from linear form....if the OH is on the left side, then it points | Up |
| Hemi-acetal | formed from an aldehyde sugar |
| hemi- ketal | formed from a ketone sugar |
| In all Hemi's the alpha C (carbon next to the Carbonyl group) is bonded to | OH OR |
| Acetal/Ketal--- | the Hemi is lost when an alcohol comes in under acidic conditions and takes off the alpha OH, leaving Methoxy group instead. |
| Alcohols + Alcohols do not react during ACIDIC CONDITIONS, UNLESS.... | one alcohol is attached to a Hemiacetal/ketal |
| In open chain sugars, Ketose & Aldose are REDUCING SUGARS By? | Ag+ (Ag+ gets reduced) |
| Ag+ | oxidizing agent---> oxidizes Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids |
| Hemiacetal & Hemiketal are | REDUCING SUGARS |
| Acetal & Ketal & cyclic anything that is not a hemiacetal/ketal) are | NON reducing sugars |
| reducing sugars react with ? | Ag+ |
| Oxygen included in a 5 member ring= | Pyranose |
| Saponification = | hydrolysis rxn |
| Cholesterol is a precursor to (3 things) | 1. Steroids, 2. Estrogen 3. Testosterone |
| What biomolecule decreases membrane fluidity? | Cholesterol (lower Tm <melting temp> ) |
| Are cholesterol polar or non polar | non polar |
| How is DNA different from RNA? | DNA lacks a -OH group bonded to the 2C |
| ATP+H2O= | ADP ...Endothermic rxn b/c it consumes energy when the bonds are broken |
| Pyrophosphate | when 2 of the phosphate groups of ATP are broken off |
| PPi + H2O = | 2Pi |
| glucose +ADP + Pi= | Exothermic rxn b/c bonds are being made so energy is being released |
| Nucleophilic Addition | 1. Aldehydes and 2. Ketones (KANA) |
| Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution | 1. Esters and 2. Amides ( NASA- E) |
| Electrophilic Addition | 1. Alkenes and 2. Alkynes ( EAAA) |
| Electrophilic Substitution | 1. Aromatic (ESA) |
| LiALH4 is a _____ agent | reducing |
| LiALH4 converts aldehydes into | primary alcohols |
| LiALH4 converts carboxylic acids into | primary alcohols |
| LiALH4 converts ketones into | secondary alcohols |
| C=N | Imine |
| NH4+ | soluble |
| 4 groups of biomolecules | 1. proteins 2. Carbs 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Lipids |
Created by:
zrsoori
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